{
  "abstract": "Background\n\nFrostbite is a serious cold injury that can progress to deep tissue damage and even amputation. The increasing number of cases among refugee and migrant populations who are forcibly mobile in border regions necessitates a detailed evaluation of clinical course and risk factors. This study aimed to assess the demographic characteristics, clinical course, laboratory findings, and treatment outcomes of patients presenting with frostbite-related extremity injuries.Methods\n\nThis retrospective study included a total of 154 patients who presented with a clinically confirmed diagnosis of frostbite. Patients were analyzed according to three predefined classifications: treatment approach (conservative, medical, advanced/interventional), anatomical distribution of frostbite involvement, and time to hospital presentation (≤12 h, 12-24 h, 24-36 h, 36-48 h, and >48 h). Demographic data, clinical findings, laboratory parameters, treatment modalities, and clinical outcomes were evaluated. Statistical analyses were performed using non-parametric tests and Chi-square analysis.Results\n\nThe median age of the patients was 23 years, and 94.2% were foreign nationals. The most common time to presentation was 12-24 h after cold exposure (61%). As the time to hospital admission increased, frostbite grade, number of affected extremities, frequency of hypotension, white blood cell (WBC) levels, and length of hospital stay increased significantly (p<0.001). Amputation was performed in 77.3% of patients, and all amputated cases had fourth-grade frostbite. Amputation was significantly associated with delayed presentation, hypotension, elevated WBC levels, larger frostbite area, and longer hospital stay (p<0.05).Conclusion\n\nDelayed presentation and severe systemic involvement are the most important determinants of amputation risk. Early diagnosis, rapid and controlled rewarming, appropriate patient transfer, and timely access to advanced treatment options are critical for reducing amputation rates.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of General Surgery, Van Yüzüncü Yıl University Faculty of Medicine, Van-Türkiye.",
    "Department of Pediatric Surgery, Van Yüzüncü Yıl University Faculty of Medicine, Van-Türkiye.",
    "Department of Anatomy, Gaziantep University Faculty of Medicine, Gaziantep-Türkiye.",
    "Department of General Surgery, Van Training and Research Hospital, Van-Türkiye.",
    "Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology Surgery, Van Training and Research Hospital, Van-Türkiye.",
    "Department of General Surgery, İstanbul Provincial Directorate of Health Kartal Dr. Lutfi Kirdar City Hospital, İstanbul-Türkiye.",
    "General Surgery Clinic, Selahattin Eyyübi State Hospital, Diyarbakır-Türkiye.",
    "Department of General Surgery, University of Health Sciences, Gülhane Hospital, Ankara-Türkiye."
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 13,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Serhat Binici"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Firat Aslan"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Burhan Beger"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Orhan Beger"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Sevinç Mengi"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Ali Riza Karayil"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Ozan Okyay"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Ibrahim Ozalp"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Ferhat Danisman"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5
      ],
      "name": "Iklil Eryilmaz"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        6
      ],
      "name": "Abdulselam Ozdemir"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Mehmet Cetin Kotan"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        7
      ],
      "name": "Mehmet Eryilmaz"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/6jxtzv21313kj.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.14744/tjtes.2026.05773",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13678153",
  "id": "6jxtzv21313kj",
  "issns": [
    "1306-696X",
    "1307-7945"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42841885",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY-NC",
  "licence_label": "CC BY-NC",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2746|Muscle and Compartmental Disorders"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7220733216",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13678153?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13678153",
  "pmid": "42841885",
  "published": "2026-10-01",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/6jxtzv21313kj.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:18:10Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42841885",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42841885"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2746|Muscle and Compartmental Disorders",
      "subfield": "surgery"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Clinical course and management of extremity frostbite in populations under forced movement in border regions.",
  "title_text": "Clinical course and management of extremity frostbite in populations under forced movement in border regions.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:18:10Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/6jxtzv21313kj",
  "venue": "Ulusal travma ve acil cerrahi dergisi = Turkish journal of trauma & emergency surgery : TJTES",
  "versions": []
}