{
  "abstract": "Objectives: Lebanon is a low-burden tuberculosis (TB) country with a complex demographic context shaped by migration, socioeconomic instability, and recent healthcare disruptions. We aimed to characterize the population structure, drug resistance, and transmission dynamics of Mycobacterium tuberculosis using whole-genome sequencing (WGS). Methods: WGS was performed on 218 M. tuberculosis isolates collected in Lebanon between 2018 and 2024, of which 196 passed quality control. TB-Profiler identified lineages and resistance-associated mutations, with results compared against available phenotypic drug susceptibility testing (DST) and line-probe assays (LPA). TB-Annotator provided high-resolution sub-lineage classification, phylogenomic contextualization within a global MTB dataset, and identification of genomic clusters. Results: Lineage 4 predominated (71.4%), followed by Lineage 3 (15.3%), Lineage 2 (6.6%), and Lineage 1 (6.1%), with a single rare Lineage 7 isolate. Resistance-associated mutations were identified in 41.3% of isolates, including MDR-TB (7.1%) and pre-XDR-TB (2.6%). WGS-based resistance prediction showed high concordance (91.8-100%) with phenotypic DST and LPA. Fourteen genomic clusters included 29/195 isolates (14.9%); incorporation of publicly available Lebanese genomes identified additional Lineage 4-associated clusters, supporting ongoing local transmission. Conclusion: This nationwide WGS study revealed a highly diverse MTB population in Lebanon and supports the integration of WGS into routine TB surveillance and control activities.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "National TB Program, Ministry of Public Health, Beirut, Lebanon",
    "Service de Mycobactériologie Spécialisée et de Référence, Laboratoire Associé du Centre National de Référence des Mycobactéries et Résistance des Mycobactéries aux Antituberculeux, APHP GHU Nord Université Paris Cité, Paris, France",
    "Laboratoire Rodolphe Mérieux Liban, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Saint-Joseph de Beyrouth, Beyrouth, Liban",
    "INSERM, IAME, UMR1137, Université Paris Cité-Université Sorbonne-Paris Nord, Paris, France; Service de Mycobactériologie Spécialisée et de Référence, Laboratoire Associé du Centre National de Référence des Mycobactéries et Résistance des Mycobactéries aux Antituberculeux, APHP GHU Nord Université Paris Cité, Paris, France",
    "Université Marie et Louis Pasteur, Besançon, France",
    "INSERM, IAME, UMR1137, Université Paris Cité-Université Sorbonne-Paris Nord, Paris, France",
    "Direction médicale et scientifique, Fondation Mérieux, Lyon, France",
    "Direction régionale MENA, Fondation Mérieux, Beyrouth, Liban",
    "INSERM, IAME, UMR1137, Université Paris Cité-Université Sorbonne-Paris Nord, Paris, France; Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Corresponding author: Marianne Antar Soutou and Christophe Sola, INSERM, IAME, UMR1137, Université Paris Cité-Université Sorbonne-Paris Nord, 16 rue Henri Huchard, Paris, 75018, France."
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 16,
  "authors": [
    {
      "name": "Marianne Antar Soutou"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Hiam Yaacoub"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Zeina Awad"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Laurice Tabet"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Sirine Abou Ismail"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Danielle Chaaya"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Camille Allam"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Clément Lecarpentier"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5
      ],
      "name": "Kevin La"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5
      ],
      "name": "Nicolas Godron"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Sukaina Basma"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        6
      ],
      "name": "Laurent Raskine"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Marianne Abifadel"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        7
      ],
      "name": "Josette Najjar-Pellet"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Emmanuelle Cambau"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        8
      ],
      "name": "Christophe Sola"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/6kn0e3s1pe91s.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1016/j.ijid.2026.109155",
  "fulltext_url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1201971226007903",
  "id": "6kn0e3s1pe91s",
  "issns": [
    "1201-9712",
    "1878-3511"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2026.109155",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "journal",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "lcc",
      "RC109-216"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2725|Tuberculosis Research and Epidemiology"
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  "openalex": "W7215126805",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.ijidonline.com/article/S1201-9712(26)00790-3/pdf",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-30",
  "publisher": "Elsevier",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/6kn0e3s1pe91s.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T13:44:33Z",
      "native_id": "882b060642c34d9ca08ea4873a1c71bb",
      "source": "doaj",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2026.109155"
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  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2725|Tuberculosis Research and Epidemiology",
      "subfield": "infectious-disease"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Whole-genome sequencing of",
  "title_text": "Whole-genome sequencing of",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T13:44:33Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/6kn0e3s1pe91s",
  "venue": "International Journal of Infectious Diseases",
  "versions": []
}