{
  "abstract": "Pupil diameters are regulated by the autonomic nervous system, which combines light signals across the eyes independently of the visual cortex. Distinct classes of retinal photoreceptor are involved in this process, with cones and rods driving the initial constriction and intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells maintaining diameter over prolonged time periods. We investigated binocular combination by targeting different photoreceptor pathways using a novel binocular multiprimary system to modulate the input spectra via silent substitution. At the first harmonic of the modulation frequency, luminance and S-cone responses showed strong binocular facilitation, and weak interocular suppression. Melanopsin responses were invariant to the number of eyes stimulated. The L-M pathway involved binocular inhibition, whereby responses to binocular stimulation were weaker than for monocular stimulation. The second harmonic involved strong interocular suppression in all pathways, but with some evidence of binocular facilitation. Our results are consistent with a computational model of binocular signal combination (implemented in a Bayesian hierarchical framework), in which the weight of interocular suppression differs across pathways. We also find pathway differences in response phase, consistent with different lag times for phototransduction. These results provide evidence that binocular interactions in the pupillary pathway differ across photoreceptor-directed modulations and across harmonic components of the response.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Psychology, University of York, York, United Kingdom",
    "School of Psychology and Vision Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom",
    "School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom",
    "York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, York, United Kingdom"
  ],
  "article_type": "Research Article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 6,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Federico G. Segala"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Aurelio Bruno"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Joel T. Martin"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Anisa Y. Morsi"
    },
    {
      "name": "Alex R. Wade"
    },
    {
      "name": "Daniel H. Baker"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/6kqk2b3mth039.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0356765",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "6kqk2b3mth039",
  "issns": [
    "1932-6203"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0356765",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "journal",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2805|Visual perception and processing mechanisms"
    ],
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      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Anatomy/Head/Eyes"
    ],
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      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Anatomy/Nervous system/Peripheral nervous system/Autonomic nervous system"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Anatomy/Ocular system/Eyes"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Anatomy/Ocular system/Ocular anatomy/Pupil"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Cell biology/Cellular types/Animal cells/Neurons/Afferent neurons/Photoreceptors"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Cell biology/Signal transduction/Sensory receptors/Photoreceptors"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Neuroscience/Cellular neuroscience/Neurons/Afferent neurons/Photoreceptors"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Neuroscience/Cognitive science/Cognitive psychology/Perception/Sensory perception/Sensory receptors/Photoreceptors"
    ],
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      "/Biology and life sciences/Neuroscience/Cognitive science/Cognitive psychology/Perception/Sensory perception/Vision"
    ],
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      "/Biology and life sciences/Neuroscience/Sensory perception/Sensory receptors/Photoreceptors"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Neuroscience/Sensory perception/Vision"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Psychology/Cognitive psychology/Perception/Sensory perception/Sensory receptors/Photoreceptors"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Psychology/Cognitive psychology/Perception/Sensory perception/Vision"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Engineering and technology/Signal processing/Modulation"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Medicine and health sciences/Anatomy/Head/Eyes"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Medicine and health sciences/Anatomy/Nervous system/Peripheral nervous system/Autonomic nervous system"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Medicine and health sciences/Anatomy/Ocular system/Eyes"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Medicine and health sciences/Anatomy/Ocular system/Ocular anatomy/Pupil"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Physical sciences/Physics/Electromagnetic radiation/Light"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Physical sciences/Physics/Electromagnetic radiation/Light/Visible light/Luminance"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Social sciences/Psychology/Cognitive psychology/Perception/Sensory perception/Sensory receptors/Photoreceptors"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Social sciences/Psychology/Cognitive psychology/Perception/Sensory perception/Vision"
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  "openalex": "W4399375988",
  "pdf_url": "https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0356765&type=printable",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-09-01",
  "publisher": "Public Library of Science",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/6kqk2b3mth039.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:18:02Z",
      "native_id": "10.1371/journal.pone.0356765",
      "source": "plos",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0356765"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biology",
      "origin": "plos:neuroscience",
      "subfield": "neuroscience"
    },
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "plos:anatomy",
      "subfield": "physiology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Binocular combination in the autonomic nervous system",
  "title_text": "Binocular combination in the autonomic nervous system",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:18:02Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/6kqk2b3mth039",
  "venue": "PLOS One",
  "versions": []
}