{
  "abstract": "Objectives\n\nThe aims of this study were to evaluate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of a topical gel containing high molecular weight hyaluronic acid (HMW-HA) and astaxanthin on traumatic ulcers in diabetic rats, which were assessed based on inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), NOD-like receptor family, pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) expression.Materials and methods\n\nTo establish a model of traumatic ulcer in diabetes, 40 healthy male Rattus norvegicus (Wistar) rats were administered a single dose of streptozotocin at 50 mg/kg body weight. They were then randomly assigned to four main treatments: base gel (BG); 0.2% HMW-HA gel (HMW-HA); 1% astaxanthin gel (AX); and 0.2% HMW-HA with 1% astaxanthin gel (HMW-HAX), and treated for 3 and 7 days (five rats per group). Immunohistochemical examinations of iNOS, NLRP3 inflammasome, and NRF2 expression were conducted to evaluate antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to analyze all data, followed by the post hoc Mann-Whitney test (p < 0.05).Results\n\nThe reduction in iNOS expression differed significantly between BG (4 ± 1.00) and HMW-HAX (2 ± 0.50) on day 7 (p < 0.05). The elevation of NRF2 expression differed significantly between BG (3 ± 0.50; 4 ± 0.50) and HMW-HAX (5 ± 0.50; 6 ± 1.00) on days 3 and 7 (p < 0.05). The reduction in NLRP3 inflammasome expression differed significantly between BG (4 ± 0.50) and HMW-HAX (2 ± 0.50) on day 7 (p < 0.05). No significant differences in any markers were found under HMW-HA and AX on days 3 and 7 (p > 0.05).Conclusion\n\nThe combination of HMW-HA and astaxanthin topical gel had beneficial antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects on traumatic ulcers in rats under diabetic conditions, where it reduced iNOS and NLRP3 inflammasome expression but enhanced NRF2 expression.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Hang Tuah, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia.",
    "Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia.",
    "Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia.",
    "Department of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Taiz University, Taiz, Yemen."
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 4,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Dwi Andriani"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Retno I Roestamadji"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Retno P Rahayu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Mohammed A Aljunaid"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/6m191mjs31j7s.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1016/j.jtumed.2026.09.013",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13694872",
  "id": "6m191mjs31j7s",
  "issns": [
    "1658-3612"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42926837",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY-NC-ND",
  "licence_label": "CC BY-NC-ND",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2742|Wound Healing and Treatments"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7221834328",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13694872?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13694872",
  "pmid": "42926837",
  "published": "2026-10-14",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/6m191mjs31j7s.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:21:18Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42926837",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42926837"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2742|Wound Healing and Treatments",
      "subfield": "general"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Impact of high molecular weight-hyaluronic acid (HMW-HA) and astaxanthin gel in traumatic ulcer diabetes mellitus rats.",
  "title_text": "Impact of high molecular weight-hyaluronic acid (HMW-HA) and astaxanthin gel in traumatic ulcer diabetes mellitus rats.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:21:18Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/6m191mjs31j7s",
  "venue": "Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences",
  "versions": []
}