{
  "abstract": "Reducing clinker content while maintaining the performance of slag-blended cement requires grinding-aid strategies that improve grinding efficiency and support subsequent hydration. In this study, commercial triisopropanolamine (TIPA), diethanolisopropanolamine (DEIPA), and diethylene glycol (DEG), their organic-acid-modified derivatives, and their hybrids with a polycarboxylate ether (PCE)-based grinding aid were evaluated at 0.05% in cement systems containing two granulated blast-furnace slags (BFSs) with different physical and chemical characteristics. Particle-size distribution, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, zeta potential, PCE adsorption, and compressive strength tests were used to investigate the relationships between grinding-aid chemistry, particle characteristics, hydration, and mechanical performance. Similar Blaine fineness values did not necessarily yield comparable particle-size distributions or hydration responses, indicating that Blaine fineness alone is insufficient to assess the effectiveness of grinding aids in BFS-blended cement. Organic-acid modification was generally more effective than PCE hybridization, depending on the original grinding-aid chemistry. M-TIPA promoted the strongest hydration development and the highest 28- and 56-day strengths at all BFS replacement levels. At 30% replacement, M-TIPA mixtures with BFS 1 and BFS 2 reached 28-day strengths of 45.82 and 46.55 MPa and 56-day strengths of 52.69 and 54.13 MPa, respectively, exceeding the clinker-only control. At 45% replacement, modified alkanolamines reduced, but did not eliminate, strength loss, whereas clinker dilution dominated at 60%. Overall, grinding-aid selection should consider particle-size distribution, hydration, BFS characteristics, and replacement level, rather than relying on Blaine fineness alone, and should also account for additive chemistry and the potential influence of polymer-containing formulations on the interfacial properties of ground cement particles.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa 16059, Turkey",
    "Construction Chemistry, Institute for Advanced PCE Studies, Technical University of Munich, 80333 Garching, Germany",
    "Materials Technologies and 3D Concrete Printing R&D Laboratory, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa 16059, Turkey"
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 3,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Veysel Kobya"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Yahya Kaya"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Ali Mardani",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-0326-5015"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/6mqsass7nc6wz.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3390/polym18212674",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "6mqsass7nc6wz",
  "issns": [
    "2073-4360"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/18/21/2674",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2205|Concrete and Cement Materials Research"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7224124222",
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-28",
  "publisher": "MDPI AG",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/6mqsass7nc6wz.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:18:44Z",
      "native_id": "10.3390/polym18212674",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/18/21/2674"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "chemistry",
      "origin": "issn:2073-4360",
      "subfield": "materials-polymers"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Organic-Acid-Modified and PCE-Hybrid Grinding Aids in Slag-Blended Cements: Linking Particle Size Distribution to Hydration and Strength",
  "title_text": "Organic-Acid-Modified and PCE-Hybrid Grinding Aids in Slag-Blended Cements: Linking Particle Size Distribution to Hydration and Strength",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:18:44Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/6mqsass7nc6wz",
  "venue": "Polymers",
  "versions": []
}