{
  "abstract": "High pathogenicity avian influenza virus (HPAIV) poses a serious threat to captive rare birds. Because effective countermeasures are limited, the use of human antiviral drugs to treat HPAIV infections in captive rare birds has been considered. Although the human antiviral drug, baloxavir marboxil (BXM), is not approved for the treatment of influenza virus infection in birds, previous studies demonstrated the antiviral efficacy of BXM in experimental avian models. Pharmacokinetic studies have also revealed substantial interspecies differences following BXM administration, suggesting the need to establish species-specific dosing regimens. In this study, BXM was administered to 14 avian species to optimize dosing regimens for each species. Oral administration of BXM using different methods revealed that drug-food interactions had a limited impact on systemic drug exposure. Pharmacokinetic analysis of BXM and its active metabolite, baloxavir acid (BXA), demonstrated marked interspecies variability in drug exposure, contributing to the development of optimized dosing regimens for each species. Furthermore, systemic exposure to BXA was strongly associated with drug absorption indicators, suggesting that species-specific differences in absorption efficiency largely determine BXA exposure among avian species. This study provides a pharmacokinetic basis for the rational use of BXM in diverse avian species. It contributes to the development of practical antiviral strategies to protect captive rare birds against HPAIVs.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.",
    "Laboratory for Drug Discovery and Development, Shionogi and Co., Ltd., Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan.",
    "Tokyo Sea Life Park, Edogawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan.",
    "Adventure World, Nishimuro-gun, Wakayama, Japan.",
    "Hyogo Park of the Oriental White Stork, Toyooka, Hyogo, Japan.",
    "Tama Zoological Park, Hino, Tokyo, Japan.",
    "Tokyo Zoological Park Society, Taito-ku, Tokyo, Japan.",
    "Ueno Zoological Gardens, Taito-ku, Tokyo, Japan.",
    "Institute for Raptor Biomedicine Japan, Kushiro, Hokkaido, Japan.",
    "Shikoku Aquarium, Utazu-cho, Kagawa, Japan.",
    "Toyama Outdoor Nature Museum \"Nei no Sato\", Toyama, Toyama, Japan.",
    "Sapporo Maruyama Zoo, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.",
    "One Health Research Center, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.",
    "International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.",
    "Institute for Vaccine Research and Development (HU-IVReD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.",
    "Laboratory for Discovery and Disease Research, Shionogi and Co., Ltd., Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan.",
    "Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.",
    "Translational Research Unit, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.",
    "Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa."
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 30,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Yo Shimazu",
      "orcid": "0009-0002-5668-8054"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Ryo Daniel Obara"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Mariko Miki"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Hiromi Osaki"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Yuto Yoshimoto"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Marina Hayashi"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Kosuke Toyoda"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Miki Ozaki"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Ikumi Hanada"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Rei Matsumoto"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5
      ],
      "name": "Kaori Ota"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5
      ],
      "name": "Ayumi Yamaguchi"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5
      ],
      "name": "Kosuke Toda"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        6
      ],
      "name": "Junko Ishii"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        6
      ],
      "name": "Tsuneo Kizaki"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        7
      ],
      "name": "Yuzo Hirano"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        7
      ],
      "name": "Yuma Sugimoto"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        8
      ],
      "name": "Yukiko Watanabe"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        8
      ],
      "name": "Keisuke Saito"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        9
      ],
      "name": "Masato Kaku"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        10
      ],
      "name": "Izumi Ide"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        11
      ],
      "name": "Akihiro Sado"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        11
      ],
      "name": "Hidefumi Sakai"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Kyohei Nishimura"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Mayumi Endo"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        12,
        13,
        14
      ],
      "name": "Takahiro Hiono"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        12,
        13,
        14
      ],
      "name": "Norikazu Isoda"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        15
      ],
      "name": "Takao Shishido",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-2549-0945"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        12,
        16,
        17,
        18
      ],
      "name": "Yoshinori Ikenaka"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        12,
        13,
        14
      ],
      "name": "Yoshihiro Sakoda",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-7021-1688"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/6p30bfg1xpbc8.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0361119",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13693923",
  "id": "6p30bfg1xpbc8",
  "issns": [
    "1932-6203"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42912701",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2713|Influenza Virus Research Studies"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7223375249",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13693923?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13693923",
  "pmid": "42912701",
  "published": "2026-10-23",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/6p30bfg1xpbc8.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:20:10Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42912701",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42912701"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2713|Influenza Virus Research Studies",
      "subfield": "epidemiology-public-health"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Pharmacokinetic diversity of baloxavir marboxil across rare avian species.",
  "title_text": "Pharmacokinetic diversity of baloxavir marboxil across rare avian species.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:20:10Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/6p30bfg1xpbc8",
  "venue": "PloS one",
  "versions": []
}