{
  "abstract": "Shigella spp. are important foodborne pathogens increasingly associated with antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and contamination within retail poultry-handling environments. This study investigated the prevalence, antimicrobial resistance profiles, extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) determinants, virulence-associated genes, efflux pump genes, and biofilm-forming ability of Shigella spp. isolated from retail poultry meat and associated environments in Sylhet, Bangladesh. A total of 300 samples, including cloacal swabs, meat, handler hand swabs, utensil swabs, and wastewater samples, were collected and analyzed using culture-based methods, biochemical tests, and species-specific PCR. We also performed antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) and molecular characterization. Overall, 50.0% (150/300) of samples were culture-positive for Shigella. Among the 150 culture-positive samples, 144 (96.0%) were confirmed by species-specific PCR, including 98 Shigella flexneri and 46 S. dysenteriae isolates. When calculated against the total number of samples tested, Shigella flexneri and S. dysenteriae were present in 32.67% (98/300) and 15.33% (46/300) of samples, respectively, with the highest prevalence observed in cloacal swabs (46.38% and 21.74%, respectively). AST revealed high resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (92.9% and 84.8%), tetracycline (87.7% and 87.0%), azithromycin (86.7% and 76.1%), and levofloxacin (76.5% and 56.5%) among S. flexneri and S. dysenteriae, respectively. In contrast, cefixime and gentamicin remained the most effective agents, showing susceptibility rates of 82.7% and 80.6% in S. flexneri and 67.4% and 58.7% in S. dysenteriae. The predominant resistance genes were tetA (72.45; 78.26%), qnrS (80.61; 89.13%), sul1 (50.0; 69.57%), and blaTEM (38.78; 45.65%), while efflux pump genes acrAB (60.20; 80.43%) and tolC (77.55; 86.96%) were widely distributed. Biofilm formation was detected in 37.76% and 56.52% of isolates by Congo red agar and in 27.55% and 36.96% by microtiter plate assay for S. flexneri and S. dysenteriae, respectively. All isolates exhibited MAR indices >0.20, while MDR and possible XDR (P-XDR) phenotypes were detected in 38.78% and 61.22% of S. flexneri and 58.70% and 41.30% of S. dysenteriae isolates, respectively. These findings highlight the occurrence of antimicrobial-resistant and biofilm-forming Shigella spp. within the investigated retail poultry-handling environment and underscore the need for strengthened biosecurity, antimicrobial stewardship, and One Health surveillance strategies.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 11,
  "authors": [
    {
      "name": "Suchona Aktera"
    },
    {
      "name": "Md. Hasan Alib"
    },
    {
      "name": "Hemayet Hossainc"
    },
    {
      "name": "Md. Shahidur Rahman Chowdhurya"
    },
    {
      "name": "Mohammad Nahian Rahmana"
    },
    {
      "name": "Sumaya Shargin Khana"
    },
    {
      "name": "Afroza Sultana Nitua"
    },
    {
      "name": "Tanvir Ahmada"
    },
    {
      "name": "Md. Mukter Hossaina"
    },
    {
      "name": "Md Bashir Uddina"
    },
    {
      "name": "Md. Mahfujur Rahmana"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/6t838n9nx7e6s.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1016/j.psj.2026.107935",
  "fulltext_url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13725472/",
  "id": "6t838n9nx7e6s",
  "issns": [
    "0032-5791",
    "1525-3171"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2026.107935",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "MICROBIOLOGY AND FOOD SAFETY"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "1106|Salmonella and Campylobacter epidemiology"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7221073094",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0032579126015695/pdf",
  "pmcid": "PMC13725472",
  "pmid": "42880093",
  "published": "2026-10-09",
  "publisher": "Elsevier",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/6t838n9nx7e6s.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-04T12:23:52Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13725472",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2026.107935"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biology",
      "origin": "journal-openalex:1103|Animal Nutrition and Physiology",
      "subfield": "zoology-behaviour"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Occurrence and characterization of biofilm-forming and multidrug-resistant Shigella spp. in retail poultry meat and associated environments in Sylhet, Bangladesh",
  "title_text": "Occurrence and characterization of biofilm-forming and multidrug-resistant Shigella spp. in retail poultry meat and associated environments in Sylhet, Bangladesh",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-06T12:21:43Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/6t838n9nx7e6s",
  "venue": "Poultry Science",
  "versions": []
}