{
  "abstract": "This study evaluated agreement between PlayerTek™ 10 Hz GPS-derived total-distance and peak-speed measurements and practical field-based criterion measures and examined whether vertical sensor placement influenced agreement characteristics and measurement interchangeability. Following quality-control procedures, 758 paired observations were retained for analysis. Total-distance analyses included 533 paired observations from 55 participants collected during a modified team-sport simulation circuit, while peak-speed analyses included 225 paired observations from 68 participants during linear sprint testing. GPS units were positioned simultaneously at upper-back and mid-back locations. Agreement and measurement variability were assessed using established agreement-based statistical procedures, with secondary analyses evaluating placement equivalence and interchangeability. The upper-back placement demonstrated superior agreement with criterion measures compared with the mid-back placement. For total distance, upper-back measurements exhibited a small bias (0.57 m) and low variability (CV = 1.54%), whereas the mid-back placement demonstrated substantial systematic underestimation (−12.69 m), greater variability (CV = 4.18%), and poor agreement between placements. Equivalence testing confirmed that upper-back and mid-back placements were not interchangeable for total distance. For peak speed, upper-back measurements demonstrated stronger agreement with the criterion measure (ICC(A,1) = 0.864; CCC = 0.864) than the mid-back placement (ICC(A,1) = 0.770; CCC = 0.769), with smaller bias and lower variability. GPS-derived total-distance and peak-speed measurements demonstrated superior agreement characteristics when sensors were positioned at the manufacturer-recommended upper-back location. A small 10 cm inferior displacement of the sensor substantially altered total-distance measurements and reduced agreement with criterion measures, whereas peak-speed measurements were less affected. These findings highlight the importance of standardised sensor placement within applied athlete-monitoring environments.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Ulster University, Belfast, United Kingdom"
  ],
  "article_type": "Research Article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 3,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Lee Rooney"
    },
    {
      "name": "Gerard McMahon"
    },
    {
      "name": "Rodney Kennedy"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/6y0rsffqnfg5t.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0357116",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "6y0rsffqnfg5t",
  "issns": [
    "1932-6203"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0357116",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "journal",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2732|Sports Performance and Training"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Physiology/Biological locomotion"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Physiology/Biological locomotion/Running"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Psychology/Behavior/Human performance"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Psychology/Behavior/Recreation/Sports"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Sports science/Sports"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Engineering and technology/Measurement"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Engineering and technology/Measurement/Distance measurement"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Engineering and technology/Navigation/Global positioning system"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Physical sciences/Physics/Classical mechanics/Motion/Velocity"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Social sciences/Psychology/Behavior/Human performance"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Social sciences/Psychology/Behavior/Recreation/Sports"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7212154513",
  "pdf_url": "https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0357116&type=printable",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-09-10",
  "publisher": "Public Library of Science",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/6y0rsffqnfg5t.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:17:56Z",
      "native_id": "10.1371/journal.pone.0357116",
      "source": "plos",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0357116"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "plos:physiology",
      "subfield": "physiology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Influence of vertical GPS sensor placement on criterion agreement and interchangeability of distance and speed measures",
  "title_text": "Influence of vertical GPS sensor placement on criterion agreement and interchangeability of distance and speed measures",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:17:56Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/6y0rsffqnfg5t",
  "venue": "PLOS One",
  "versions": []
}