{
  "abstract": "Background: Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a highly aggressive malignancy with poor prognosis and limited therapeutic options, underscoring the need for new treatment approaches. Ginsenoside Rh2 (G-Rh2) has demonstrated antitumor effects across multiple cancer types; however, its effects and underlying molecular mechanisms in TNBC remain poorly understood. Methods: TNBC cell viability was measured using the CCK-8 assay.Flow cytometry was used to evaluate cell cycle distribution and cell apoptosis. Proteomic analysis was performed to identify potential downstream targets of G-Rh2. The functional roles of downstream targets were validated by western blotting, flow cytometry, and luciferase reporter assays. Molecular docking was conducted to characterize protein-ligand interactions at the atomic level. Results: G-Rh2 markedly decreased MDA-MB-468 and BT549 cells viability in a concentration-dependent manner, with IC50 values of 31.74 μM and 49.63 μM, respectively. G-Rh2 treatment induced G0/G1 phase arrest and enhanced cell apoptosis. Mechanistically, G-Rh2 suppressed the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway through SMG9 downregulation. Molecular docking demonstrated a stable interaction between G-Rh2 and SMG9, with a minimum binding energy of −3.4 kcal/mol, indicating direct molecular engagement. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that G-Rh2 exerts potent antitumor effects in TNBC by inducing cell cycle arrest and promoting cell apoptosis. Furthermore, G-Rh2 suppresses tumor progression by targeting the SMG9-Wnt/β-catenin axis. These findings identify SMG9 as a novel mediator of G-Rh2 activity, provide mechanistic insight into its antitumor effects, and highlight SMG9 as a promising therapeutic target for TNBC.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Center of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.",
    "Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.",
    "Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.",
    "Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine), Guangzhou, China."
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 7,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Shuang Liu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Yueqi Wang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Ye Zhang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Kun Chen"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Yi-Nan Wang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Qiaoxuan Zhang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Xing Jin",
      "orcid": "0009-0004-4716-6689"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/6ybd04ndw0z88.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1016/j.jgr.2026.101112",
  "fulltext_url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1226845326001387",
  "id": "6ybd04ndw0z88",
  "issns": [
    "1226-8453",
    "2093-4947"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgr.2026.101112",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-NC-ND",
  "licence_label": "CC BY-NC-ND",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Research Article"
    ],
    [
      "lcc",
      "QK1-989"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "1312|Ginseng Biological Effects and Applications"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7168270207",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1226845326001387/pdf",
  "pmcid": "PMC13711394",
  "pmid": "42948542",
  "published": "2026-07-14",
  "publisher": "Elsevier",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/6ybd04ndw0z88.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T13:43:37Z",
      "native_id": "cffbe57eed3746be9e9a0070b9c335ab",
      "source": "doaj",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgr.2026.101112"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-31T00:20:36Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42948542",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42948542"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-31T12:22:11Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13711394",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgr.2026.101112"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biochemistry",
      "origin": "openalex:1312|Ginseng Biological Effects and Applications",
      "subfield": "molecular-biology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Targeting the SMG9–Wnt/β-catenin axis: A novel mechanism by which ginsenoside Rh2 suppresses triple-negative breast cancer progression",
  "title_text": "Targeting the SMG9–Wnt/β-catenin axis: A novel mechanism by which ginsenoside Rh2 suppresses triple-negative breast cancer progression",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-31T12:22:11Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/6ybd04ndw0z88",
  "venue": "Journal of Ginseng Research",
  "versions": []
}