{
  "abstract": "Simulating mountain waves and associated turbulence in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS) remains a challenge in numerical weather prediction (NWP). We investigate how the representation of mountain-wave dynamics and turbulence in the ICOsahedral Nonhydrostatic (ICON) model depends on model resolution and turbulence parameterization. ICON simulations were performed in NWP mode (ICON-NWP) with varying horizontal (2, 1 km, 500 m) and vertical (400, 200, 100 m) resolutions, using the operational turbulent kinetic energy scheme (ICON-TKE) and the newly developed two-energy turbulence scheme (ICON-2TE). The simulations were evaluated against high-frequency in situ observations from the Deep Propagating Gravity Wave Experiment (DEEPWAVE) over New Zealand on 12 July 2014, as well as a nested large-eddy simulation (ICON-LES) at 130 m resolution. The results show reasonable agreement with observations: ICON-LES more closely captures wavelength and phase, while ICON-NWP better reproduces wave amplitude. Near-convergence of the primary mountain wave and of turbulence structures requires horizontal grid spacings of 1 km or finer and vertical spacings in the UTLS of 200 m or finer, whereas trapped lee waves and downstream wave structure remain resolution-sensitive at these resolutions. Area-averaged, bulk measures allow this convergence behavior to be characterized more systematically: the low-level gravity-wave momentum flux continues to increase with increasing resolution from 1 km to 500 m. A key finding is that both turbulence schemes yield similar wave structures, despite large differences in simulated turbulent kinetic energy. This discrepancy is attributed to the empirical horizontal-shear source term of the operational TKE-scheme configuration, which produces spurious TKE at km-scale resolution. These results provide guidance on the resolution and turbulence representation needed for reliable simulations of small-scale mountain waves and turbulence in the UTLS.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Goethe University Frankfurt (Frankfurt am Main, Germany)"
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 2,
  "authors": [
    {
      "name": "Roshny Siri Jagan",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-5327-357X"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Juerg Schmidli",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-6322-6512"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/6zen063a9h89k.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.5194/acp-26-13721-2026",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "6zen063a9h89k",
  "issns": [
    "1680-7324"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/26/13721/2026/",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "1902|Meteorological Phenomena and Simulations"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7214921357",
  "pdf_url": "https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/26/13721/2026/acp-26-13721-2026.pdf",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-09-30",
  "publisher": "Copernicus GmbH",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/6zen063a9h89k.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:20:34Z",
      "native_id": "10.5194/acp-26-13721-2026",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/26/13721/2026/"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "earth",
      "origin": "openalex:1902|Meteorological Phenomena and Simulations",
      "subfield": "atmospheric"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Impact of model resolution and turbulence scheme on the representation of mountain waves and turbulence",
  "title_text": "Impact of model resolution and turbulence scheme on the representation of mountain waves and turbulence",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:20:34Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/6zen063a9h89k",
  "venue": "Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics",
  "versions": [
    {
      "doi": "10.5194/egusphere-2025-4308",
      "pid": null,
      "relation": "preprint",
      "title": null,
      "venue": null
    }
  ]
}