{
  "abstract": "Giardia duodenalis is a common intestinal protozoan parasite in dogs, but the systemic immune response associated with canine giardiasis remains incompletely characterized. This study aimed to evaluate serum concentrations of immunoglobulin E (IgE), interleukin-4 (IL-4), and interleukin-13 (IL-13) as Th2-associated immune markers in naturally infected dogs. Thirty client-owned dogs with confirmed giardiasis and 10 clinically healthy control dogs were included in the study. Serum IgE, IL-4, and IL-13 concentrations were measured using canine-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Between-group comparisons were performed using two-sided Mann-Whitney U tests, with Holm adjustment for multiple comparisons, and effect estimates were calculated using the Hodges-Lehmann method. Spearman's rank correlation was used to assess associations among biomarkers within each group. Serum IL-4 concentrations were significantly higher in dogs with giardiasis than in control dogs (median 38.12 [IQR 32.55-57.97] vs. 23.65 [18.86-27.90] pg/mL; Mann-Whitney U = 238.5, Holm-adjusted p < 0.001), with a Hodges-Lehmann estimated location shift of 16.31 pg/mL (95% CI: 9.80-27.47). Serum IgE concentrations were higher in dogs with giardiasis but did not remain statistically significant after Holm adjustment (1.32 [1.15-1.62] vs. 1.16 [1.02-1.33] µg/mL; Holm-adjusted p = 0.125), while IL-13 concentrations did not differ between groups (78.23 [53.05-103.42] vs. 79.05 [65.44-103.68] ng/L; Holm-adjusted p = 0.988). Within the giardiasis group, IgE, IL-4, and IL-13 concentrations were significantly and positively correlated with one another (ρ = 0.644-0.690, p < 0.001). In control dogs, only IL-4 and IL-13 were significantly correlated (ρ = 0.636, p = 0.048). These findings provide evidence consistent with altered Th2-associated immune activity in canine giardiasis, characterized by a significant elevation of serum IL-4 and coordinated variation among Th2-associated biomarkers. The non-significant findings for serum IgE and IL-13 may reflect a selective pattern of systemic Th2-associated biomarker expression, although limited statistical power prevents exclusion of smaller between-group differences. Further studies incorporating intestinal mucosal measurements and longitudinal assessment are warranted to clarify the relationship between systemic and local immune responses in canine giardiasis.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Selcuk University, Konya 42000, Turkey."
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 5,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Murat Kaan Durgut",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-4582-8536"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Mahmut Ok",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-8210-6735"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Süleyman Serhat Iyigun",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-3270-1931"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Hazal Akkus",
      "orcid": "0009-0002-7549-4482"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Gamze Sivrioglu",
      "orcid": "0009-0000-6923-9819"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/6zfzyydgenjaz.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3390/vetsci13100998",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13709580",
  "id": "6zfzyydgenjaz",
  "issns": [
    "2306-7381"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42944094",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2405|Parasitic Infections and Diagnostics"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7214094421",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13709580?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13709580",
  "pmid": "42944094",
  "published": "2026-09-23",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/6zfzyydgenjaz.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:22:24Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42944094",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42944094"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biology",
      "origin": "openalex:2405|Parasitic Infections and Diagnostics",
      "subfield": "microbiology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Serum IgE, IL-4 and IL-13 Concentrations as Th2-Associated Biomarkers in Canine Giardiasis.",
  "title_text": "Serum IgE, IL-4 and IL-13 Concentrations as Th2-Associated Biomarkers in Canine Giardiasis.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:22:24Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/6zfzyydgenjaz",
  "venue": "Veterinary sciences",
  "versions": []
}