{
  "abstract": "IntroductionChronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a leading cause of disease- related mortality worldwide and is characterized by progressive airflow limitation accompanied by persistent neutrophilic airway inflammation. Macrophage activation plays a key role in this process through the production of pro- inflammatory mediators and neutrophil-attracting chemokines.MethodsThis study investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of Cardamine flexuosa extract (CFE) in macrophage and cigarette smoke extract (CSE)/lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- induced models, with emphasis on macrophage inflammatory responses and neutrophilic airway inflammation.ResultsIn LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages, CFE reduced nitric oxide production by 77.8% and decreased the secretion of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), accompanied by reduced MAPK phosphorylation. In a murine model induced by intranasal administration of CSE and LPS, oral CFE reduced total inflammatory cell and neutrophil counts in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) by 53.9% and 82.9%, respectively, at 200 mg/kg compared with the CSE/LPS group. These effects were associated with reduced pulmonary expression of CXCL-1 and MIP-2 and decreased MAPK phosphorylation. Histological analysis demonstrated attenuation of inflammatory cell infiltration and mucus hypersecretion.ConclusionThese findings demonstrate that CFE attenuates macrophage inflammatory responses and neutrophilic airway inflammation in the CSE/LPS-induced murine model, accompanied by reduced inflammatory mediator production and MAPK activation.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [],
  "article_type": "Original Research",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 7,
  "authors": [
    {
      "name": "So Yeon Kim"
    },
    {
      "name": "Yoo Kyong Han"
    },
    {
      "name": "Dong-Seon Kim"
    },
    {
      "name": "Won-Kyung Yang"
    },
    {
      "name": "Seung-Hyung Kim"
    },
    {
      "name": "Eunjung Son"
    },
    {
      "name": "Yoon-Young Sung"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/6zgjsdshr517e.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3389/fphar.2026.1897816",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "6zgjsdshr517e",
  "issns": [
    "1663-9812"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphar.2026.1897816",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "feed-journal",
      "medicine/pharmacology-toxicology"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": null,
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-11-02",
  "publisher": "Frontiers Media SA",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/6zgjsdshr517e.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-02T06:20:23Z",
      "native_id": "10.3389/fphar.2026.1897816",
      "source": "feed-frontiers",
      "url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphar.2026.1897816"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-02T12:24:02Z",
      "native_id": "10.3389/fphar.2026.1897816",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphar.2026.1897816/full"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "feed-journal:medicine/pharmacology-toxicology",
      "subfield": "pharmacology-toxicology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Cardamine flexuosa extract attenuates neutrophilic airway inflammation in a CSE/LPS-induced murine model",
  "title_text": "Cardamine flexuosa extract attenuates neutrophilic airway inflammation in a CSE/LPS-induced murine model",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-04T00:26:47Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/6zgjsdshr517e",
  "venue": "Frontiers in Pharmacology",
  "versions": []
}