{
  "abstract": "The 1-ton prototype detector for Jinping neutrino experiment (JNE-1ton) has completed its hardware upgrade and has been successfully operated in both water and liquid-scintillator modes at CJPL-I, which is situated under a 2400-m rock overburden. During the upgrade, the detector's mechanical support structure and PMT layout were redesigned. The original Hamamatsu PMTs were replaced with 8-inch MCP-PMTs from North Night Vision, increasing the PMT count from 30 to 60. The detector was then operated in water mode for 85 days (Water-I) and 79 days (Water-II). From the accumulated water-mode data, we derive a muon detection efficiency (Water-II) that is approximately 59% higher than that of the pre-upgrade liquid scintillator detector. The measured muon flux is $ϕ_{\\text{I+II}} = (3.55 \\pm 0.43_{\\mathrm{stat}}\\pm 0.28_{\\mathrm{syst}}) \\times 10^{-10}~\\mathrm{cm}^{-2}\\mathrm{s}^{-1}$, which is consistent with the previous measurement. Owing to the characteristic angular dependence of Cherenkov radiation and the increased PMT coverage, the uncertainty in muon direction reconstruction is approximately 6$^\\circ$, which corresponds to a reduction to 30% of its previous value. Notably, one rare up-going muon event was clearly identified. It is excluded from the cosmic-ray muon flux sample and opens a new window for neutrino-induced event studies in the deepest underground laboratory in China. This work marks the first time that CJPL has employed a cost-effective water detector for muon flux measurement.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": "2609.35135",
  "author_total": 38,
  "authors": [
    {
      "name": "Yapeng Wang"
    },
    {
      "name": "Yuzi Yang"
    },
    {
      "name": "Shaomin Chen"
    },
    {
      "name": "Wei Dou"
    },
    {
      "name": "Haoyang Fu"
    },
    {
      "name": "Guanghua Gong"
    },
    {
      "name": "Lei Guo"
    },
    {
      "name": "Ziyi Guo"
    },
    {
      "name": "XiangPan Ji"
    },
    {
      "name": "Jianmin Li"
    },
    {
      "name": "Jinjing Li"
    },
    {
      "name": "Bo Liang"
    },
    {
      "name": "Ye Liang"
    },
    {
      "name": "Ling Liu"
    },
    {
      "name": "Qian Liu"
    },
    {
      "name": "Zhiyi Liu"
    },
    {
      "name": "Wentai Luo"
    },
    {
      "name": "Ming Qi"
    },
    {
      "name": "Wenhui Shao"
    },
    {
      "name": "Haozhe Sun"
    },
    {
      "name": "Jian Tang"
    },
    {
      "name": "Yuyi Wang"
    },
    {
      "name": "Zhe Wang"
    },
    {
      "name": "Changxu Wei"
    },
    {
      "name": "Jun Weng"
    },
    {
      "name": "Yiyang Wu"
    },
    {
      "name": "Benda Xu"
    },
    {
      "name": "Chuang Xu"
    },
    {
      "name": "Tong Xu"
    },
    {
      "name": "Tao Xue"
    },
    {
      "name": "Haoyan Yang"
    },
    {
      "name": "Aiqiang Zhang"
    },
    {
      "name": "Bin Zhang"
    },
    {
      "name": "Xinshun Zhang"
    },
    {
      "name": "Yang Zhang"
    },
    {
      "name": "Zhicai Zhang"
    },
    {
      "name": "Lin Zhao"
    },
    {
      "name": "Yangheng Zheng"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/731acfzz72e14.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.48550/arxiv.2609.35135",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "731acfzz72e14",
  "issns": [],
  "landing_url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.35135",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": "CC0-1.0",
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "arxiv",
      "hep-ex"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "3106|Neutrino Physics Research"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7214759236",
  "pdf_url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.35135",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-09-28",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/731acfzz72e14.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:25:12Z",
      "native_id": "2609.35135",
      "source": "arxiv",
      "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.35135"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "physics",
      "origin": "arxiv:hep-ex",
      "subfield": "high-energy"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Muon Detection and Direction Reconstruction with the Upgraded 1-ton Water Cherenkov Prototype Detector at CJPL-I",
  "title_text": "Muon Detection and Direction Reconstruction with the Upgraded 1-ton Water Cherenkov Prototype Detector at CJPL-I",
  "type": "preprint",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:25:12Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/731acfzz72e14",
  "venue": "arXiv",
  "versions": []
}