{
  "abstract": "Spatial prediction forms the basis for decision-making in Earth and environmental sciences, yet prediction accuracy is constrained by spatial heterogeneity and sparse and uneven sampling. Existing methods commonly respond by increasing algorithmic complexity while underusing the spatial information embedded in the covariates themselves. This study develops the generalized covariate field (GCF) to expand the covariate space by deriving two families of spatial features without increasing model complexity. First, spatial pattern features characterize local spatial structure, including spatial dependence, heterogeneity, geocomplexity, multiscale variation and local outlyingness, and are transferable across space. Second, neighbourhood distribution features summarize covariates through multiscale operators with geoscientific meaning. The resulting high-dimensional features are then selected through response-independent functional reduction and spatial-block stability selection. GCF is implemented in a vascular plant species-richness study across the Southwest Australian Floristic Region, and expands 12 covariates into 3276 candidate predictors. Results show that GCF improves prediction accuracy under both random and spatial-block validation with 8.2–21.1% higher spatial-block cross-validated R2 than existing spatial learning models. The findings support the primacy of data hypothesis that enriching the spatial representation of data, rather than only increasing model structural complexity, can substantially improve prediction and provide a basis for data-centric geospatial modelling.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "School of Design and the Built Environment, Curtin University"
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 1,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Yongze Song",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-3420-9622"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/73gdgmsmwetya.bib",
  "cited_by": 7,
  "doi": "10.1080/13658816.2026.2729719",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "73gdgmsmwetya",
  "issns": [
    "0269-3798",
    "1362-3087"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/13658816.2026.2729719",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "journal",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "1111|Soil Geostatistics and Mapping"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7212156674",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/13658816.2026.2729719?needAccess=true",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-09-10",
  "publisher": "Taylor & Francis",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/73gdgmsmwetya.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-09T13:21:08Z",
      "native_id": "W7212156674",
      "source": "openalex",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/13658816.2026.2729719"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "earth",
      "origin": "openalex:1111|Soil Geostatistics and Mapping",
      "subfield": "hydrology-soils"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Generalized covariate field (GCF): spatial-pattern and neighbourhood-distribution feature expansion improves geospatial prediction",
  "title_text": "Generalized covariate field (GCF): spatial-pattern and neighbourhood-distribution feature expansion improves geospatial prediction",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-09T13:21:08Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/73gdgmsmwetya",
  "venue": "International Journal of Geographical Information Systems",
  "versions": []
}