{
  "abstract": "Globally, attitudes about vaccines and vaccination are changing rapidly, but few studies have examined within-person shifts over time. We use a longitudinal survey in Kenya to assess how respondents’ attitudes about the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine changed between 2022 and 2024. In 2022, we conducted a random digit-dialed phone survey of 1405 Kenyan parents/caregivers of girls age-eligible for the HPV vaccine; respondents were re-contacted in 2024, and 1093 people (78%) were successfully re-surveyed. Each survey included identical questions about HPV vaccine and vaccination attitudes (adapted from the Vaccine Hesitancy Scale-HPV). We estimate direction and degree of each person’s change in attitude, overall and by construct/question, and explore associations between these changes and respondent demographics, and baseline knowledge about HPV and HPV vaccination. Attitudes about the HPV vaccine changed substantially from 2022 to 2024. Although perceptions of the vaccine’s importance and effectiveness were relatively stable (only 25% of respondents reported any attitude change), there were significantly more changes among respondents with lower educational attainment and who were unemployed. Safety perceptions changed substantially over this period: two-thirds of respondents changed their beliefs around the vaccine’s side effects and riskiness. Approximately one-quarter of respondents developed a worse safety attitudes, while 18.9% of respondents improved their safety attitude. Among individuals with lower socioeconomic status, attitudes about following a clinician’s HPV vaccination recommendation and riskiness of the HPV vaccine significantly worsened over this period. We found that, in this population of Kenyan adults and over a two-year period, attitudes about the HPV vaccine have changed both positively and negatively. Targeted interventions may be needed, particularly with less socioeconomically-advantaged groups, to reinforce messages about the vaccine’s importance, effectiveness, and safety. Further research is needed about reasons for the large changes in safety perceptions, both toward more and less favorable views.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Public Health Policy and Management, New York University School of Global Public Health, New York, New York, United States of America.",
    "Daniel J. Epstein Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Southern California Viterbi School of Engineering, Los Angeles, California, United States of America.",
    "Innovations for Poverty Action, Sandalwood Lane, Nairobi, Kenya.",
    "Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, United States of America.",
    "Department of Pediatrics, University of California Los Angeles David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, United States of America."
  ],
  "article_type": "Research Article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 9,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Corrina Moucheraud",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-7862-7928"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Jinghong Miao",
      "orcid": "0009-0007-0277-9950"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Eric Ochieng"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Suyanpeng Zhang",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-8957-1293"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "George Ganda"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Ginger Golub"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Risa M Hoffman",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-9575-4574"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Peter G Szilagyi"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Sze-Chuan Suen"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/74kwfhnpcbtzc.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1371/journal.pgph.0007508",
  "fulltext_url": "https://journals.plos.org/globalpublichealth/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgph.0007508",
  "id": "74kwfhnpcbtzc",
  "issns": [
    "2767-3375"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://journals.plos.org/globalpublichealth/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgph.0007508",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "3306|Vaccine Coverage and Hesitancy"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Immunology/Vaccination and immunization"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Immunology/Vaccination and immunization/Vaccine development"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Microbiology/Medical microbiology/Microbial pathogens/Viral pathogens/Papillomaviruses/Human papillomavirus"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Organisms/Viruses/DNA viruses/Papillomaviruses/Human papillomavirus"
    ],
    [
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      "/Biology and life sciences/Organisms/Viruses/Viral pathogens/Papillomaviruses/Human papillomavirus"
    ],
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    ],
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      "/Medicine and health sciences/Health care/Caregivers"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Medicine and health sciences/Immunology/Vaccination and immunization"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Medicine and health sciences/Immunology/Vaccination and immunization/Vaccine development"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Medicine and health sciences/Medical conditions/Infectious diseases/Infectious disease control/Vaccines"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Medicine and health sciences/Pathology and laboratory medicine/Pathogens/Microbial pathogens/Viral pathogens/Papillomaviruses/Human papillomavirus"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Medicine and health sciences/Public and occupational health/Preventive medicine/Vaccination and immunization"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Medicine and health sciences/Public and occupational health/Preventive medicine/Vaccination and immunization/Vaccine development"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Research and analysis methods/Research design/Survey research/Surveys"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Social sciences/Anthropology/Cultural anthropology/Religion"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Social sciences/Psychology/Psychological attitudes"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Social sciences/Sociology/Religion"
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  "openalex": "W7223414223",
  "pdf_url": "https://journals.plos.org/globalpublichealth/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pgph.0007508&type=printable",
  "pmcid": "PMC13693870",
  "pmid": "42912706",
  "published": "2026-10-23",
  "publisher": "Public Library of Science",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/74kwfhnpcbtzc.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:17:23Z",
      "native_id": "10.1371/journal.pgph.0007508",
      "source": "plos",
      "url": "https://journals.plos.org/globalpublichealth/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgph.0007508"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:20:03Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42912706",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42912706"
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  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biology",
      "origin": "plos:immunology",
      "subfield": "immunology"
    },
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "plos:public and occupational health",
      "subfield": "epidemiology-public-health"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Changes in attitudes toward the HPV vaccine in Kenya",
  "title_text": "Changes in attitudes toward the HPV vaccine in Kenya",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:20:03Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/74kwfhnpcbtzc",
  "venue": "PLOS Global Public Health",
  "versions": []
}