{
  "abstract": "Multi-wavelength surveys place cloud dispersal at 1-5 Myr after massive stars emerge, before the first supernovae. Whether a cloud disperses, re-collapses, or leaks Lyman-continuum (LyC) photons depends on how pre-supernova winds, radiation pressure, and photoionised-gas pressure ($P_{\\rm HII}$) couple to the shell. We introduce TRINITY, a 1D thin-shell code that succeeds WARPFIELD. TRINITY evolves the bubble-shell structure under winds, supernovae, direct and dust-reprocessed radiation pressure, $P_{\\rm HII}$, and gravity. A phase-aware prescription drives the shell with the larger of the hot-bubble and photoionised pressures when energy-driven, and $P_{\\rm HII}$ plus ram pressure when momentum-driven. The initial cloud may be uniform, a piecewise power law, or a Bonnor-Ebert sphere; shell structure, hot-bubble cooling, photon absorption, and LyC escape evolve with the dynamics. We validate against analytic wind and photoionisation limits and survey clouds of mass $10^5$-$10^{6.5}\\,M_\\odot$, core density $10^3$-$10^4$ cm$^{-3}$, and star-formation efficiency $\\varepsilon=0.01$-$0.30$. $P_{\\rm HII}$ enlarges the shell radius by roughly 17% at 10 Myr in the fiducial run. At higher efficiency, the energy-driven phase lasts under 1 Myr, radiation pressure stays sub-dominant, and $P_{\\rm HII}$ remains dynamically important in the momentum-driven phase. Cloud structure sets both phase durations and outcomes: at fixed mass, core density, and efficiency, homogeneous and shallow clouds re-collapse while a steep $ρ\\propto r^{-2}$ cloud keeps expanding, and Bonnor-Ebert clouds disperse roughly 55% later than homogeneous ones. Thus $P_{\\rm HII}$ and cloud structure both shape feedback-driven expansion even when the stellar population is fixed. TRINITY is an efficient, interpretable framework to map feedback dominance across cloud parameter space and resolved H II regions.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [],
  "article_type": "Journal reference: Astronomy & Astrophysics, 714, A226 (2026)",
  "arxiv": "2605.27517",
  "author_total": 4,
  "authors": [
    {
      "name": "Jia Wei Teh"
    },
    {
      "name": "Ralf S. Klessen"
    },
    {
      "name": "Simon C. O. Glover"
    },
    {
      "name": "Kathryn Kreckel"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/75pb168kn1fhr.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.48550/arxiv.2605.27517",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "75pb168kn1fhr",
  "issns": [],
  "landing_url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.27517",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": "CC0-1.0",
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "arxiv",
      "astro-ph.GA"
    ],
    [
      "arxiv",
      "astro-ph.IM"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": null,
  "pdf_url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/2605.27517",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-08-27",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/75pb168kn1fhr.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:30:52Z",
      "native_id": "2605.27517",
      "source": "arxiv",
      "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.27517"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "astronomy",
      "origin": "arxiv:astro-ph.GA",
      "subfield": "galaxies"
    },
    {
      "field": "astronomy",
      "origin": "arxiv:astro-ph.IM",
      "subfield": "instrumentation-methods"
    }
  ],
  "title": "TRINITY: A coupled model of winds, radiation, and photoionised gas in molecular clouds. I. Methods and validation",
  "title_text": "TRINITY: A coupled model of winds, radiation, and photoionised gas in molecular clouds. I. Methods and validation",
  "type": "preprint",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:33:41Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/75pb168kn1fhr",
  "venue": "arXiv",
  "versions": [
    {
      "doi": "10.1051/0004-6361/202661074",
      "pid": null,
      "relation": "published-as",
      "title": null,
      "venue": null
    }
  ]
}