{
  "abstract": "Objective: This study examined the effects of combined stroboscopic glasses and reaction-light training on visual abilities and sport-specific performance in collegiate male volleyball players.\n\nMethods: In this randomized controlled trial, 26 collegiate male volleyball players were assigned to an experimental group (EG, n = 13) or an active-control group (CG, n = 13). Both groups maintained their regular volleyball training. Over 8 weeks, the EG completed combined stroboscopic and reaction-light training, whereas the CG performed duration- and volume-matched volleyball-specific tasks under normal visual conditions. Training was conducted three times per week for 30 min per session. Reaction time, eye–hand coordination, decision-making ability, coordination quality, agility, and defensive reception success rate were assessed before and after the intervention. Intervention effects were evaluated using two-way repeated-measures ANOVA, with improvement-score analyses and baseline-adjusted ANCOVA conducted as sensitivity analyses. Bonferroni correction was applied to secondary and exploratory outcomes.\n\nResults: Defensive reception success rate showed a significant Group × Time interaction, F(1, 24) = 13.053, p = 0.001, partial η² = 0.352, with a between-group difference in change of 3.50% points (95% CI, 1.50–5.50). After Bonferroni correction, significant interactions remained for reaction time (adjusted p < 0.001, partial η² = 0.858), eye–hand coordination (adjusted p = 0.002, partial η² = 0.423), decision-making ability (adjusted p = 0.030, partial η² = 0.279), and coordination quality (adjusted p < 0.001, partial η² = 0.827). Agility was not significant after correction (adjusted p = 0.110).\n\nConclusion: Compared with matched volleyball-specific active-control training under normal visual conditions, combined stroboscopic glasses and reaction-light training may provide additional benefits for improving selected visual abilities and defensive reception performance in collegiate male volleyball players. The agility finding should be interpreted cautiously.\n\nTrial registration: ISRCTN Registry ISRCTN10147263, registered on 27 May 2026. Retrospectively registered.\n\nSupplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-026-01957-6.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "School of Physical Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China",
    "Division of Sports Science and Physical Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China",
    "Department of Physical Education, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China",
    "School of Physical Education, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, 430079 China"
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 7,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Xiushen Dong"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Dongxu Gao"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Tianci Hou"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Congcong Weng"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Yuqing Gao"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Lei Han"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Enmei Bi"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/78cftcsgqp7pz.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1186/s13102-026-01957-6",
  "fulltext_url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13737681/",
  "id": "78cftcsgqp7pz",
  "issns": [
    "2052-1847"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-026-01957-6",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Research"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "3204|Sport Psychology and Performance"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7201885972",
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": "PMC13737681",
  "pmid": "42983506",
  "published": "2026-08-07",
  "publisher": "BMC",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/78cftcsgqp7pz.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-09T12:22:48Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13737681",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-026-01957-6"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "journal-openalex:F27",
      "subfield": "general"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Effects of combined stroboscopic glasses and reaction light training on visual abilities and sport-specific performance in collegiate male volleyball players",
  "title_text": "Effects of combined stroboscopic glasses and reaction light training on visual abilities and sport-specific performance in collegiate male volleyball players",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-09T12:22:48Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/78cftcsgqp7pz",
  "venue": "BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation",
  "versions": []
}