{
  "abstract": "This study systematically evaluates the composition-dependent wettability, apparent surface free energy, moisture sorption, and adhesion to a model mucin layer of binary polymer matrices composed of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), Carbopol 974P NF, and Kollidon VA 64, complemented by liquid uptake measurements of the individual polymer powders. API-free compressed discs containing three binary polymer combinations at weight ratios of 1:2, 1:1, and 2:1 were investigated using contact angle measurements, surface free energy estimation, liquid uptake analysis, moisture sorption studies, scanning electron microscopy, and in vitro detachment-force measurements. The results revealed distinct composition-dependent responses. HPMC exhibited limited initial wettability, with a water contact angle of 103.4°, and the lowest moisture uptake (14.8% after 96 h at 25 °C and 85% RH). Incorporation of Carbopol improved wettability and increased moisture sorption, with the HPMC:Carbopol 1:2 matrix exhibiting a water contact angle of 44.4° and a moisture mass gain of 32.7%. HPMC:Carbopol blends exhibited reproducible detachment forces against the model mucin layer, ranging from approximately 1.2 to 1.5 N. In contrast, Kollidon-containing matrices exhibited favorable initial wetting, but selected Kollidon-rich formulations showed insufficient cohesion during contact with the mucin layer, preventing reliable detachment-force measurements. These findings indicate that polymer composition influences the balance between early wettability, moisture uptake, and measurable adhesion under the investigated in vitro conditions. Among the tested formulations, HPMC:Carbopol 1:2 showed a favorable combination of these properties, supporting its further evaluation as a potential mucoadhesive matrix.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, ul. Berdychowo 4, 61-131 Poznan, Poland",
    "Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 3 Rokietnicka, 60-806 Poznan, Poland"
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 6,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Monika Rojewska",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-8814-6711"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Klaudia Szelejewska"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Karolina Fikus"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Emilia Jakubowska",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-7492-9045"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Tomasz Osmałek",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-6939-2888"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Krystyna Prochaska",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-1025-6726"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/78p5hpj4qezsq.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3390/polym18212681",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "78p5hpj4qezsq",
  "issns": [
    "2073-4360"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/18/21/2681",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [],
  "openalex": null,
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-29",
  "publisher": "MDPI AG",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/78p5hpj4qezsq.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:18:44Z",
      "native_id": "10.3390/polym18212681",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/18/21/2681"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "chemistry",
      "origin": "issn:2073-4360",
      "subfield": "materials-polymers"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Composition-Dependent Wettability, Moisture Sorption and Adhesion of HPMC, Carbopol and Kollidon Binary Matrices to a Model Mucin Layer: An In Vitro Study",
  "title_text": "Composition-Dependent Wettability, Moisture Sorption and Adhesion of HPMC, Carbopol and Kollidon Binary Matrices to a Model Mucin Layer: An In Vitro Study",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-31T00:20:50Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/78p5hpj4qezsq",
  "venue": "Polymers",
  "versions": []
}