{
  "abstract": "The development of a universal H9N2 avian influenza vaccine is essential to reduce the occurrence of disease and economic losses in the poultry industry. In this study, we developed a recombinant vaccine rTS-mH9-3M2e based on Newcastle disease virus (NDV) avirulent strain TS09-C, containing a chimeric mosaic H9 HA and three copies of H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) M2e. The 1-day-old chickens were vaccinated with rTS-mH9-3M2e, which induced broad neutralizing antibody activity against H9N2 AIV, effectively reduced viral load and virus shedding, and reduced clinical signs and tissue damage. Furthermore, rTS-mH9-3M2e can induce cross-neutralizing response to the heterologous subtype AIV H3N2 and conferred cross-protection against H3N2 AIV. When rTS-mH9-3M2e was used as in ovo vaccine, it conferred the earlier protection against NDV and H9N2 AIV compared with post-hatch vaccination. rTS-mH9-3M2e in ovo vaccination significantly increased the level of splenic CD8+ T cells in chickens at 7 days of age and provided 100% protection against H9N2 AIV and 80% protection for NDV virulent strain. These results support that rTS-mH9-3M2e is a promising candidate for development as a broad H9N2 avian influenza vaccine and an in ovo vaccine.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [],
  "article_type": "Original Research",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 14,
  "authors": [
    {
      "name": "Liren Jiang"
    },
    {
      "name": "Guoyuan Wen"
    },
    {
      "name": "Xiaoyu Suo"
    },
    {
      "name": "Zhe Zeng"
    },
    {
      "name": "Zhouchu Wu"
    },
    {
      "name": "Yuqiao Zhu"
    },
    {
      "name": "Yu Shang"
    },
    {
      "name": "Hongcai Wang"
    },
    {
      "name": "Lun Yao"
    },
    {
      "name": "Runjin Wang"
    },
    {
      "name": "Shixin Wang"
    },
    {
      "name": "Mingxin Gao"
    },
    {
      "name": "Qingping Luo"
    },
    {
      "name": "Helong Feng"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/7a864pcmamznw.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3389/fimmu.2026.1985015",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "7a864pcmamznw",
  "issns": [
    "1664-3224"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1985015",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "feed-journal",
      "biology/immunology"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": null,
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-11-06",
  "publisher": "Frontiers Media SA",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/7a864pcmamznw.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-06T06:20:04Z",
      "native_id": "10.3389/fimmu.2026.1985015",
      "source": "feed-frontiers",
      "url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1985015"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-06T12:21:13Z",
      "native_id": "10.3389/fimmu.2026.1985015",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1985015/full"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biology",
      "origin": "feed-journal:biology/immunology",
      "subfield": "immunology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Recombinant NDV-vectored vaccine expressing mosaic HA and M2e confers broad and early protection against H9N2 avian influenza virus",
  "title_text": "Recombinant NDV-vectored vaccine expressing mosaic HA and M2e confers broad and early protection against H9N2 avian influenza virus",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-08T00:22:43Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/7a864pcmamznw",
  "venue": "Frontiers in Immunology",
  "versions": []
}