{
  "abstract": "Background: Parental educational anxiety is prevalent globally and impacts children’s psychological outcomes profoundly. However, children’s perceived parental educational anxiety (PPEA) remains understudied, and a standardized tool for PPEA is lacking. Furthermore, the level and influencing factors of PPEA among children remain unclear. This study aimed to revise the Parental Educational Anxiety Scale from a parental perspective to a child-perceived perspective and to further explore its level and influencing factors in college freshmen. Methods: The Perceived Parental Educational Anxiety Scale (PPEAS) was revised via pronoun conversion of the original items and expert consultation. Two independent samples were recruited for scale validation: Sample 1 (n = 232) for exploratory factor analysis (EFA), and Sample 2 (n = 287) for confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and reliability testing. Subsequently, 646 participants completed the revised PPEAS, the Family Environment Scale-Chinese Version (FES-CV), and the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). Non-parametric tests and hierarchical multiple linear regressions were performed. Results: EFA identified a three-factor structure consisting of 16 items with adequate model fit (χ²/df = 2.691, RMSEA = 0.077, TLI = 0.919, CFI = 0.932). Analyses confirmed satisfactory internal consistency reliability (Cronbach’s α = 0.922) and test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.825). The median PPEA score of Chinese college freshmen was 40 (IQR: 32, 49). Hierarchical regression showed that family conflict was positively associated with PPEA, while children’s resilience was negatively associated with PPEA. Contrary to our hypothesis, family cohesion was not a significant predictor in the final model. Conclusion: The revised PPEAS exhibits good reliability and validity, providing a reliable instrument for measuring perceived educational anxiety from the children’s perspective. The findings highlight that reducing family conflict and improving children’s resilience may contribute to lower PPEA levels.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Pain, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China",
    "Research center for Children’s Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, China"
  ],
  "article_type": "Research Article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 5,
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        0
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      "name": "Laiju Du"
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    {
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        1
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      "name": "Zongpei Dai"
    },
    {
      "name": "Xiaoxiao Sun"
    },
    {
      "name": "Ming Liu"
    },
    {
      "name": "Qin Dai"
    }
  ],
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  "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0358097",
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  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "journal",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
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  "native_subjects": [
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  "pdf_url": "https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0358097&type=printable",
  "pmcid": null,
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  "published": "2026-09-16",
  "publisher": "Public Library of Science",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/7akdq9gndhh2m.ris",
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  "title": "Revision of the perceived parental-educational-anxiety scale and its application among Chinese college freshmen",
  "title_text": "Revision of the perceived parental-educational-anxiety scale and its application among Chinese college freshmen",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:17:49Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/7akdq9gndhh2m",
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