{
  "abstract": "Background: Breast cancer, the most common malignancy among women, remains a major global public health concern. With the rapid growth of artificial intelligence–based language models, it is essential to evaluate their potential roles in patient education. This study compared ChatGPT and Gemini in responding to patient-oriented questions about breast cancer and its surgical treatment regarding scientific accuracy, clarity, and unnecessary detail. Methods: Forty frequently asked questions were collected from Turkish online sources. Both models were queried under identical conditions on August 13, 2025, and the responses were anonymized for blinded evaluation. Four general surgeons experienced in breast surgery independently assessed each response using a five-point Likert scale across three domains: scientific accuracy, clarity, and unnecessary detail. Results: Response lengths were recorded and compared. ChatGPT achieved significantly higher median scores than Gemini in scientific accuracy [4.75 (3.50–5.00) vs. 4.25 (3.50–5.00); p < 0.001], clarity [4.75 (3.50–5.00) vs. 4.25 (3.25–5.00); p = 0.005], and unnecessary detail [5.00 (5.00–5.00) vs. 4.50 (3.50–5.00); p < 0.001]. The overall median score was 4.83 (4.08–5.00) for ChatGPT and 4.33 (3.50–4.92) for Gemini (p < 0.001). Gemini’s responses were significantly longer (244 ± 84 vs. 170 ± 47 words; p < 0.001). Conclusion: Both models demonstrated acceptable overall performance. However, ChatGPT’s higher scores and shorter, more focused responses indicate that it may be a more efficient tool for addressing breast cancer–related patient questions. In their current form, these models should not be used for diagnostic or clinical decision-making purposes. AI-generated health information should be used only under expert supervision and for educational or supportive purposes.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of General Surgery, İzmir Atatürk Training and Research Hospital, İzmir Katip Çelebi University, İzmir, Turkey"
  ],
  "article_type": "Research Article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 4,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Yeliz Yilmaz Bozok"
    },
    {
      "name": "Nihan Acar"
    },
    {
      "name": "Murat Kemal Atahan"
    },
    {
      "name": "Cem Karaali"
    }
  ],
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  "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0358325",
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  "id": "7ane7wnnvhg6q",
  "issns": [
    "1932-6203"
  ],
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  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "journal",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2718|Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Neuroscience/Cognitive science/Cognitive psychology/Language"
    ],
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      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Psychology/Cognitive psychology/Language"
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      "plos",
      "/Medicine and health sciences/Clinical medicine/Clinical oncology/Surgical oncology"
    ],
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      "plos",
      "/Medicine and health sciences/Diagnostic medicine/Cancer detection and diagnosis"
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      "/Medicine and health sciences/Oncology/Cancer risk factors"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Medicine and health sciences/Oncology/Cancer treatment"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Medicine and health sciences/Oncology/Cancer treatment/Surgical oncology"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Medicine and health sciences/Oncology/Cancers and neoplasms/Breast tumors/Breast cancer"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Medicine and health sciences/Oncology/Clinical oncology/Surgical oncology"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Medicine and health sciences/Surgical and invasive medical procedures"
    ],
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      "plos",
      "/Social sciences/Psychology/Cognitive psychology/Language"
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  "pdf_url": "https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0358325&type=printable",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-09-16",
  "publisher": "Public Library of Science",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/7ane7wnnvhg6q.ris",
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    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:17:49Z",
      "native_id": "10.1371/journal.pone.0358325",
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      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0358325"
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  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "plos:oncology",
      "subfield": "oncology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Comparative evaluation of ChatGPT and gemini responses to patient-oriented questions on breast cancer",
  "title_text": "Comparative evaluation of ChatGPT and gemini responses to patient-oriented questions on breast cancer",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:17:49Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/7ane7wnnvhg6q",
  "venue": "PLOS One",
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}