{
  "abstract": "Farm-specific cow-comfort recommendations are often incompletely implemented. We evaluated whether midterm reinforcement increased implementation on Kenyan smallholder dairy farms and examined associations between achieved compliance and welfare and milk yield. Of 318 randomized farms, 212 received recommendations and 106 were controls. Recommendation recipients underwent a second randomization to reinforcement or no reinforcement (106 per group). Compliance was measured as weighted implementation fidelity (0-100%), combining recommendation effort and implementation status. Farm-level outcomes were compared by reinforcement assignment using available-case, covariate-adjusted models. Separate inverse-probability-weighted models estimated associations between achieved compliance (≥40% versus <40%) and outcomes. Among intervention farms with defined endline compliance scores, the covariate-adjusted difference by randomized reinforcement assignment was 12.0 percentage points (95% CI 2.7 to 21.3; p = 0.012), higher milk yield (1.33 kg/day; 95% CI 0.32 to 2.35; p = 0.011), and lower mean within-farm lameness prevalence (-19.75 percentage points; 95% CI -33.55 to -5.96; p = 0.005). In weighted analyses of achieved endline compliance, higher compliance was associated with lower endline lameness prevalence (-49.39 percentage points; 95% CI -60.64 to -38.15; p < 0.001), while the milk yield contrast (+1.00 kg/day) was not statistically significant (p = 0.121). Reinforcement assignment was associated with greater implementation, although incomplete follow-up limits inference. Higher achieved compliance was associated with lower lameness prevalence, but its nonrandomized, concurrent assessment with endline outcomes precludes a firm causal interpretation.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, CWPH Building, 3280, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada.",
    "People, Policies, and Institutions Program, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya.",
    "Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Canada."
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 6,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Emmanuel Muunda"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Elizaphan James O Rao"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "David C Hall"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Caroline Ritter"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Maria Camila Ceballos"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "John VanLeeuwen"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/7aqccv222a2zr.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1016/j.vas.2026.100914",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13744373",
  "id": "7aqccv222a2zr",
  "issns": [
    "2451-943X"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42999916",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "1103|Animal Behavior and Welfare Studies"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7223452248",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13744373?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13744373",
  "pmid": "42999916",
  "published": "2026-10-24",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/7aqccv222a2zr.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-09T15:20:34Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42999916",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42999916"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biology",
      "origin": "openalex:1103|Animal Behavior and Welfare Studies",
      "subfield": "zoology-behaviour"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Does midterm reinforcement improve compliance with farm-specific cow-comfort recommendations? Evidence from a nested randomized controlled trial in Kenyan smallholder dairy farms.",
  "title_text": "Does midterm reinforcement improve compliance with farm-specific cow-comfort recommendations? Evidence from a nested randomized controlled trial in Kenyan smallholder dairy farms.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-09T15:20:34Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/7aqccv222a2zr",
  "venue": "Veterinary and animal science",
  "versions": []
}