{
  "abstract": "Background: Trunk rotation strength is a key performance factor in throwing events, but periodized training effects in elite Paralympic and Deaflympic throwers are sparsely documented. Methods: Three Chinese elite throwers (one F35 cerebral palsy, one F60 hearing impairment, and one F11 visual impairment) completed a 15-week Bompa-based periodized strength program (3 November 2018 to 16 February 2019). Trunk rotation peak torque (PT) and peak power (PP) were measured on a Biodex System 4 dynamometer at four angular velocities (60, 120, 150, and 180°/s) before and after the intervention. Results: Effect sizes for trunk rotation peak torque and peak power ranged from negligible to large (d = 0.05-2.93). The F35 athlete showed a decline in left-rotation peak torque at 180°/s (270.73 → 260.40 N·m, d = 0.64) and persistent left-right asymmetry. The F60 and F11 athletes showed predominantly positive adaptations across velocities. Due to the small heterogeneous sample (n = 3) and absence of a control group, these findings are hypothesis-generating rather than confirmatory. Throwing performance was not measured. Conclusions: The program is descriptively feasible across F35/F60/F11 classifications, but findings are hypothesis-generating given the absence of a control group and the small heterogeneous sample. Throwing performance was not measured.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "School of Competitive Sports, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China.",
    "Key Laboratory of Sports Performance Evaluation and Monitoring, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China."
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 2,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Muzu Hou"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Haifeng Ma"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/7as69f8bh5274.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3390/jfmk11040389",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13692408",
  "id": "7as69f8bh5274",
  "issns": [
    "2411-5142"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42924668",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2732|Sports Performance and Training"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7214678513",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13692408?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13692408",
  "pmid": "42924668",
  "published": "2026-09-28",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/7as69f8bh5274.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:20:36Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42924668",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42924668"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2732|Sports Performance and Training",
      "subfield": "surgery"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Trunk Rotation Isokinetic Strength Changes During a 15-Week Periodized Strength Training Program in Three Chinese Elite Paralympic and Deaflympic Throwers.",
  "title_text": "Trunk Rotation Isokinetic Strength Changes During a 15-Week Periodized Strength Training Program in Three Chinese Elite Paralympic and Deaflympic Throwers.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:20:36Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/7as69f8bh5274",
  "venue": "Journal of functional morphology and kinesiology",
  "versions": []
}