{
  "abstract": "ObjectiveTo investigate the effects of post-discharge fortified human milk feeding on growth, common complications, and neuropsychological development in preterm infants with moderate-to-high nutritional risk.MethodsClinical data were retrospectively collected from 320 preterm infants with moderate-to-high nutritional risk who were discharged from the Department of Neonatology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University between January 2021 and December 2023 and completed a 6-month follow-up. Infants were classified into four groups by nutritional risk level and feeding method: moderate-risk fortified human milk, moderate-risk formula, high-risk fortified human milk, and high-risk formula. Comparisons were conducted between fortified human milk and formula within the same risk level, and between moderate- and high-risk groups within the same feeding method.ResultsWithin the same feeding method, gestational age at birth and birth weight differed significantly between moderate- and high-risk infants (P<0.001). Within the same nutritional risk level, no significant differences were found between fortified human milk and formula groups in gestational age at birth and birth weight (P>0.05). In the fortified human milk groups, corrected gestational age at discharge differed significantly between moderate- and high-risk infants (P<0.05). No significant differences were noted among the four groups in discharge weight, length, or head circumference (P>0.05). Analysis of covariance, adjusting for discharge weight, length, head circumference, and corrected gestational age at discharge, showed no significant differences among the four groups during the 6-month follow-up in growth velocities of weight, length, or head circumference, nor in hemoglobin, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, or alkaline phosphatase measured at 1, 3, and 5 months (P>0.05). Multivariable logistic regression indicated that fortified human milk feeding did not increase the risk of infection (OR=0.66, 95%CI: 0.40-1.08, P=0.097) or feeding intolerance (OR=0.70, 95%CI: 0.45-1.08, P=0.107). At 6 months' corrected age, mental, motor, and behavioral scores did not differ significantly among groups (P>0.05).ConclusionsIn preterm infants at moderate-to-high nutritional risk, post-discharge fortified human milk feeding does not increase the risk of infection or feeding intolerance, does not differ significantly from formula feeding in short-term catch-up growth or neuropsychological development, and appears clinically feasible and safe.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Pediatrics, First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan 250014, China"
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 8,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "WANG Yun-He"
    },
    {
      "name": "YAO Yi"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "CHI Yun-Qian"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "ZHANG Zi-Han"
    },
    {
      "name": "LIU Yi-Yang"
    },
    {
      "name": "YI Feng-Xin"
    },
    {
      "name": "WANG Peng-Yuan"
    },
    {
      "name": "HAO Wei"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/7bhqrtmxex90w.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2508012",
  "fulltext_url": "https://www.zgddek.com/fileup/1008-8830/HTML_EN/2026-10-1218.html",
  "id": "7bhqrtmxex90w",
  "issns": [
    "1008-8830",
    "2096-9228"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2508012",
  "language": "zh",
  "licence": "CC-BY-NC-ND",
  "licence_label": "CC BY-NC-ND",
  "licence_source": "journal",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "lcc",
      "RJ1-570"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2916|Infant Nutrition and Health"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7223207939",
  "pdf_url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13684108/pdf/ZGDDEKZZ-28-10-1218.pdf",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-23",
  "publisher": "Hunan Xiangya Medical Periodical Press Co., Ltd.",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/7bhqrtmxex90w.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T13:43:36Z",
      "native_id": "be586cd3940c4f8f9c81cb71b61a640e",
      "source": "doaj",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2508012"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "lcc:RJ1-570",
      "subfield": "reproductive-child"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Post-discharge fortified human milk feeding in preterm infants with moderate-to-high nutritional risk: a retrospective cohort study",
  "title_text": "Post-discharge fortified human milk feeding in preterm infants with moderate-to-high nutritional risk: a retrospective cohort study",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T13:43:36Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/7bhqrtmxex90w",
  "venue": "中国当代儿科杂志",
  "versions": []
}