{
  "abstract": "Fe3O4 is a conversion-type anode material with high storage capacity that suffers from limited cycling performance. Nanosizing Fe3O4 is one promising strategy to enhance its cycling stability and overall electrochemical performance; however, the details of particle size dependent reaction kinetics remain poorly understood. We investigate the conversion reactions of bulk- and 50 nm-sized cubic Fe3O4 particles as active material using a multi-technique approach, by combining operando XRD, SAXS and magnetometry techniques. The results from the operando XRD and SAXS indicate that during initial lithiation reaction, the bulk electrode undergoes phase reduction with amorphization and formation of metallic iron nanograins, whereas the nanoparticle Fe3O4 retains its ccp oxygen anion framework throughout the lithiation process, hindering structural breakdown and amorphization and delaying the the growth of metallic iron nano grains. Operando vibrating sample magnetometry isused to cross-check the transformation and presence of metallic iron nanodomains owing to its unique sensitivity to local structural details hidden in conventional XRD. The reaction products were found to differ when time-resolved investigations are compared to ex-situ prepared specimens. These results highlight the critical importance of integrating complementary operando techniques to ex situ methods, to capture particle size–dependent lithiation pathways and relaxation mechanisms in conversion-type electrodes.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Materials Science and Engineering",
    "Uppsala University",
    "Faculty of Chemistry",
    "University of Duisburg-Essen",
    "ALBA Synchrotron Light Source",
    "Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)",
    "European Spallation Source",
    "Jülich Centre for Neutron Science (JCNS-1)",
    "Chemistry-Ångström",
    "MAX IV Laboratory"
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 13,
  "authors": [
    {
      "name": "Seda Ulusoy*",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-4577-0792"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Hyeyun Kim",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-9404-4087"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2,
        3
      ],
      "name": "Leonhard Rochels",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-9585-5586"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Martin Kapuscinski",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-5435-2958"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2,
        3
      ],
      "name": "Tereza Václav̊u"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Ilaria Lucentini",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-1311-9062"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5
      ],
      "name": "Xiao Sun",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-5428-3526"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1,
        6,
        7
      ],
      "name": "Mikhail Feygenson",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-0316-3265"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        8,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Mario Valvo",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-0069-8707"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        9
      ],
      "name": "Tomás S. Plivelic",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-0193-3251"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2,
        3
      ],
      "name": "Sabrina Disch",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-4565-189X"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Peter Svedlindh",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-3049-6831"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "German Salazar Alvarez",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-0671-435X"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/7e7b4504k7n07.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.26434/chemrxiv.15010343/v1",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "7e7b4504k7n07",
  "issns": [],
  "landing_url": "https://chemrxiv.org/doi/full/10.26434/chemrxiv.15010343/v1",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "journal",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2208|Advancements in Battery Materials"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7221685615",
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-13",
  "publisher": "American Chemical Society (ACS)",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/7e7b4504k7n07.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:17:24Z",
      "native_id": "10.26434/chemrxiv.15010343",
      "source": "chemrxiv",
      "url": "https://chemrxiv.org/doi/full/10.26434/chemrxiv.15010343/v1"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "chemistry",
      "origin": "source:chemrxiv",
      "subfield": "general"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Comprehensive multi-technique study of the electrochemical lithiation of Fe ₃ O ₄ with different particle sizes under operando conditions",
  "title_text": "Comprehensive multi-technique study of the electrochemical lithiation of Fe ₃ O ₄ with different particle sizes under operando conditions",
  "type": "preprint",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:17:24Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/7e7b4504k7n07",
  "venue": "ChemRxiv",
  "versions": []
}