{
  "abstract": "Organic fertilizers are rich in nutrients but also frequently contain multiple contaminants that pose a potential threat to the agricultural environment. However, comprehensive investigations into commercial organic fertilizers remain scarce. In this study, 54 commercial organic fertilizer samples—including animal manure-based fertilizers, BOF (bio-organic fertilizer), and other types of fertilizers—were systematically investigated. For OM (organic matter), 48.15% of samples fell below the 30% w/w threshold specified by the industry standard NY/T 525-2021. The exceedance rates of Cu and Zn across all fertilizers were 14.81% and 12.96%, respectively, relative to the German Biowaste Ordinance (BioAbfV) limits. Differences in properties among geographic origins were less pronounced than those among fertilizer types. Pig manure-based fertilizers had the highest nutrient contents, especially phosphorus, but also the highest levels of contaminants, including antibiotics, heavy metals, antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB), and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). BOF exhibited the best overall quality, with a total nitrogen content 2.0–4.4 times that of the manure-based fertilizers, together with higher organic matter and lower contaminant levels. This study establishes a comprehensive baseline for commercial organic fertilizers in China, providing critical empirical evidence for future industry governance and fertilizer management.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, , Beijing 100081, China; (J.Y.); (C.W.)",
    "College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, , Shijiazhuang 050018, China;"
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 5,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Na Li"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Jing Ye"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Chaoyang Wang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Changxiong Zhu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Hongna Li"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/7eexn4qjy1hf5.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3390/microorganisms14102364",
  "fulltext_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13707988/?tool=EBI",
  "id": "7eexn4qjy1hf5",
  "issns": [
    "2076-2607"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13707988",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "lcc",
      "QH301-705.5"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "1111|Composting and Vermicomposting Techniques"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7222134436",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13707988/pdf/?tool=EBI",
  "pmcid": "PMC13707988",
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-01",
  "publisher": "MDPI AG",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/7eexn4qjy1hf5.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:21:49Z",
      "native_id": "PMC:PMC13707988",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13707988"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-31T14:21:33Z",
      "native_id": "084808d83e2845b9982f3275c4b1b55e",
      "source": "doaj",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms14102364"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "earth",
      "origin": "openalex:1111|Composting and Vermicomposting Techniques",
      "subfield": "hydrology-soils"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Comparative Analysis of Commercial Organic Fertilizers Revealing Elevated Nutrient and Contaminant Loads in Pig Manure-Based Fertilizer",
  "title_text": "Comparative Analysis of Commercial Organic Fertilizers Revealing Elevated Nutrient and Contaminant Loads in Pig Manure-Based Fertilizer",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-31T14:21:33Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/7eexn4qjy1hf5",
  "venue": "Microorganisms",
  "versions": []
}