{
  "abstract": "The engineering of new processing systems can utilize dynamic operation of catalysts, reactors and processes to achieve faster and more selective manufacturing of chemicals, fuels, and materials. Forced dynamic operation of chemical systems can achieve new catalytic rates or targeted products not accessible under steady-state conditions. The distinction between dynamic reactors and programmable catalysts is defined by the differences in free energy of chemical species stimulated by light, charge, fields, heat, or light. Programmable catalysts only modulate the binding energy of surface adsorbates, while dynamic reactors also modulate the overall reaction free energy. This energetic difference determines the capability of dynamic systems to accelerate reactions or select for products, in addition to defining the stimulated system’s ability to convert reactions relative to equilibrium. Understanding the differences in dynamic chemical systems aids in identifying and optimizing combinations of catalysts, reactions, conditions, and external stimuli that can lead to improved chemical manufacturing.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Center for Programmable Energy Catalysis, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Ave. SE, Minneapolis, MN, USA, 55455",
    "Department of Chemical Engineering",
    "University of Houston",
    "Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, 3357 Engr II UCSB, Santa Barbara, CA",
    "Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, 2300 Hayward St, Ann Arbor, MI",
    "Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Ave. SE, Minneapolis, MN, USA, 55455"
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 4,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Omar Abdelrahman"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        3
      ],
      "name": "Phillip Christopher"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        4
      ],
      "name": "Eranda Nikolla"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        5
      ],
      "name": "Paul J. Dauenhauer",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-5810-1953"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/7ef8x50wrwfpx.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.26434/chemrxiv.15010423/v1",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "7ef8x50wrwfpx",
  "issns": [],
  "landing_url": "https://chemrxiv.org/doi/full/10.26434/chemrxiv.15010423/v1",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-NC-ND",
  "licence_label": "CC BY-NC-ND",
  "licence_source": "journal",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "1503|Catalysis and Oxidation Reactions"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7221772282",
  "pdf_url": "https://chemrxiv.org/doi/pdf/10.26434/chemrxiv.15010423/v1",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-13",
  "publisher": "American Chemical Society (ACS)",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/7ef8x50wrwfpx.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:17:24Z",
      "native_id": "10.26434/chemrxiv.15010423",
      "source": "chemrxiv",
      "url": "https://chemrxiv.org/doi/full/10.26434/chemrxiv.15010423/v1"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "chemistry",
      "origin": "openalex:1503|Catalysis and Oxidation Reactions",
      "subfield": "catalysis"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Understanding Programmable Catalysts Versus Dynamic Reactors",
  "title_text": "Understanding Programmable Catalysts Versus Dynamic Reactors",
  "type": "preprint",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:17:24Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/7ef8x50wrwfpx",
  "venue": "ChemRxiv",
  "versions": []
}