{
  "abstract": "Background: The potential relationship between the consumption of red yeast rice (RYR) and the development of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) remains poorly understood. We aimed to evaluate the risk of ESRD in patients who used RYR. Methods: Utilizing insurance claim records from 2010 to 2014, we performed a retrospective cohort analysis comparing 67,876 individuals using RYR against a control group of 90,836 lovastatin users (non-RYR group), with follow-up extending through 2019. The incidence of ESRD was analyzed using adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) within Cox proportional hazard models. Results: During follow-up, the ESRD incidence was 0.9 per 1,000 person-years in RYR users, compared to 3.7 per 1,000 person-years in lovastatin users (HR 0.36, 95% CI 0.32–0.40). A dose-dependent reduction in ESRD risk was observed with increasing RYR prescriptions. Sensitivity analysis, excluding ESRD cases within the initial six months, confirmed a persistent association between RYR use and reduced ESRD risk (adjusted HR 0.72, 95% CI 0.64–0.81). Conclusion: RYR intake may be linked to a decreased likelihood of progressing to ESRD. Despite these promising results, factors such as medication adherence necessitate cautious interpretation. Further randomized controlled trials are required to validate these findings and clarify RYR’s role in slowing kidney disease progression.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Anesthesiology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taiwan",
    "Anesthesiology and Health Policy Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taiwan",
    "Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan",
    "Department of Surgery, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan",
    "Department of Surgery, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America",
    "School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taiwan",
    "Department of Anesthesiology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan",
    "Research Center of Big Data and Meta-Analysis, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan"
  ],
  "article_type": "Research Article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 6,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Chuen-Chau Chang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Fai Lam"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3,
        4
      ],
      "name": "Chun-Chieh Yeh"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5
      ],
      "name": "Jaung-Geng Lin"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1,
        2,
        6
      ],
      "name": "Ta-Liang Chen"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1,
        2,
        5,
        7
      ],
      "name": "Chien-Chang Liao",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-6694-0730"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/7ewtzhck814hx.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0345243",
  "fulltext_url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13712715/",
  "id": "7ewtzhck814hx",
  "issns": [
    "1932-6203"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0345243",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Animal Studies"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "Biology and Life Sciences"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "Chronic Kidney Disease"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "Cohort Studies"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "Drugs"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "Economics"
    ],
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      "heading",
      "Epidemiology"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "Eukaryota"
    ],
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      "heading",
      "Experimental Organism Systems"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "Fungi"
    ],
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      "heading",
      "Grasses"
    ],
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      "heading",
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    ],
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    ],
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      "Health Insurance"
    ],
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      "Medical Risk Factors"
    ],
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      "heading",
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      "heading",
      "Nephrology"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "Organisms"
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      "heading",
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    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "Plant and Algal Models"
    ],
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      "Renal Diseases"
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    [
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    [
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    [
      "heading",
      "Yeast"
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    [
      "openalex",
      "2746|Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular Health"
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      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Organisms/Eukaryota/Fungi/Yeast"
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      "/Biology and life sciences/Organisms/Eukaryota/Plants/Grasses/Rice"
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      "/Medicine and health sciences/Epidemiology/Medical risk factors"
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      "plos",
      "/Medicine and health sciences/Health care/Health economics/Health insurance"
    ],
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      "plos",
      "/Medicine and health sciences/Nephrology/Renal diseases/Chronic kidney disease"
    ],
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      "plos",
      "/Medicine and health sciences/Pharmacology/Drugs/Statins"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Research and analysis methods/Animal studies/Experimental organism systems/Plant and algal models/Rice"
    ],
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      "/Research and analysis methods/Research design/Cohort studies"
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      "/Social sciences/Economics/Health economics/Health insurance"
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  "pdf_url": "https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0345243&type=printable",
  "pmcid": "PMC13712715",
  "pmid": "42945336",
  "published": "2026-10-27",
  "publisher": "Public Library of Science",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/7ewtzhck814hx.ris",
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    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:17:17Z",
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  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biology",
      "origin": "heading:Biology and Life Sciences",
      "subfield": "general"
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    {
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      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "plos:pharmacology",
      "subfield": "pharmacology-toxicology"
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  ],
  "title": "Does receiving red yeast rice prescriptions (LipoCol Forte®) increase the risk of end-stage renal disease or not? A retrospective cohort study",
  "title_text": "Does receiving red yeast rice prescriptions (LipoCol Forte®) increase the risk of end-stage renal disease or not? A retrospective cohort study",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-31T12:23:14Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/7ewtzhck814hx",
  "venue": "PLOS One",
  "versions": []
}