{
  "abstract": "Antibody delivery to solid tumors is often assumed to be uniform, yet this has not been systematically evaluated in human tissues. Optically labeled antibodies such as panitumumab-IRDye800CW (Pan800) remain detectable in FFPE specimens, enabling direct assessment of in vivo drug distribution. We aimed to validate macroscopic (21–337 μm/pixel) fluorescence measurements against microscopy (0.3 μm/pixel) and to characterize multi-scale heterogeneity of Pan800-derived fluorescence using a high-throughput, slide-free fluorescence imaging approach. A total of 946 FFPE blocks from seventeen patients who received systemic Pan800 were analyzed using near-infrared fluorescence imaging. Selected blocks were sectioned for fluorescence microscopy validation. Fluorescence intensities were compared between cancer-positive and -negative blocks, decalcified versus non-decalcified specimens, and across blocks within and between patients. Across resolutions (21–337 μm), maximum fluorescence intensity (FIₘₐₓ) discriminated cancer-positive from -negative blocks, while low-resolution scanning enabled rapid acquisition (~ 1 min/block). Macroscopic fluorescence signals correlated with microscopy at the section level (R ² = 0.73), within patients (R ² = 0.66), and across patients (R ² = 0.66). Decalcification significantly reduced fluorescence at the block level (median FI max : 875 vs 287; P < 0.0001), and this reduction was confirmed in patient-level paired analyses when stratified by cancer status (P < 0.05). After excluding decalcified samples, FIₘₐₓ successfully differentiated cancer-positive from cancer-negative blocks (AUC = 0.78), with higher accuracy in lymph nodes than primary tumors. Marked intra- and inter-patient heterogeneity in Pan800-derived fluorescence was observed. Macroscopic fluorescence correlates with microscopic measurements and pathologically confirmed cancer presence, validating a high-throughput method for Pan800 distribution in clinical specimens. Signal heterogeneity precludes inference from single sections, supporting multi-block evaluation and a hierarchical workflow integrating screening with targeted microscopy.\n\nClinical trial registration: NCT#04511078, first posted on 08/12/2020, https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04511078 ; NCT#05945875, first posted on 07/14/2023, https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05945875 .",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 10,
  "authors": [
    {
      "name": "Hidenori Tanaka",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-7516-9180"
    },
    {
      "name": "Mabrooka Kazi"
    },
    {
      "name": "Carleigh R. Burns"
    },
    {
      "name": "Makenna L. Brown"
    },
    {
      "name": "Nicole Meeks"
    },
    {
      "name": "Shravan Gowrishankar"
    },
    {
      "name": "Jasmine M. Jain"
    },
    {
      "name": "Michael C. Topf"
    },
    {
      "name": "Brandee T. Brown"
    },
    {
      "name": "Eben L. Rosenthal"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/7faf9b3cnrkvv.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1038/s41598-026-74797-6",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "7faf9b3cnrkvv",
  "issns": [
    "2045-2322"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-74797-6",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2741|Optical Imaging and Spectroscopy Techniques"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7220679060",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-74797-6_reference.pdf",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-06",
  "publisher": "Springer Science and Business Media LLC",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/7faf9b3cnrkvv.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:17:22Z",
      "native_id": "10.1038/s41598-026-74797-6",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-74797-6"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2741|Optical Imaging and Spectroscopy Techniques",
      "subfield": "imaging"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Fluorescence imaging enables multiscale profiling of therapeutic antibody delivery across entire surgical specimens",
  "title_text": "Fluorescence imaging enables multiscale profiling of therapeutic antibody delivery across entire surgical specimens",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:17:22Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/7faf9b3cnrkvv",
  "venue": "Scientific Reports",
  "versions": []
}