{ "abstract": "Plant-derived extracellular vesicles (PDEVs) are being recognized as a capable novel class of natural nanocarriers that have important uses in delivering bioactives and facilitating innovations in functional foods and precision health technologies. PDEVs are lipid-bilayer-enclosed vesicular structures that commonly occur at the nanoscale, although their reported sizes vary depending on the plant source, isolation procedure, and measurement method. They contain diverse biomolecules, including lipids, proteins, microRNAs, and phytochemicals, and have been investigated for their potential roles in interspecies communication and the delivery of bioactive compounds. Compared with some conventional nanocarriers, PDEVs have shown favorable biocompatibility and stability under certain experimental conditions; however, these properties are dependent on the plant source, isolation method, cargo, formulation, and experimental model; therefore, they are uniquely positioned for oral delivery systems. This review presents a complete picture of the process of PDEV biogenesis, the molecular architecture of PDEVs, and their cargo. We evaluate and compare the source materials of PDEVs to determine whether they will influence how effectively the bioactive agent is delivered to its intended target and produce the therapeutic effect. Additionally, we present a review of the advances in technology for the analysis of PDEVs: methods of extraction, purification, and characterization of PDEV; current and future techniques for loading cargo into PDEVs; methods of modifying the surfaces of PDEVs; and methods of developing, producing, and delivering hybrid systems of PDEVs. Finally, a comprehensive review of the use of PDEVs in delivering nutraceuticals, modulating the gut microbiome, delivering probiotic systems, and exhibiting anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-cancer effects. Even as these positive advancements occur, challenges related to scalability, standardization, and purity remain significant barriers to industrial translation. PDEVs are well-positioned to serve as a sustainable, next-generation nanoplatform at the intersection of nanotechnology, food science, and biomedicine. PDEVs also provide unprecedented opportunities to advance functional foods and precision nutrition.", "abstract_shown": true, "affiliations": [ "Department of Food Biotechnology, Albert Kázmér Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Széchenyi István University, 9200 Mosonmagyaróvár, Hungary", "Department of Medical Laboratory Technique, Kifri Technical Institute, Garmian Polytechnic University, Kifri City, Sulaimaniyah 46001, Iraq", "Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture, University of Basrah, Basrah 61004, Iraq", "Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Lebanese French University, Erbil 44001, Iraq", "Clinical Biochemistry, College of Science, University of Halabja, Halabja 46018, Iraq", "Department of Nutrition and Food Engineering, Daffodil International University, Birulia, Dhaka 1216, Bangladesh", "University of Illinois Cancer Center, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA", "Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan" ], "article_type": "review article", "arxiv": null, "author_total": 9, "authors": [ { "affs": [ 0 ], "name": "Farhang Hameed Awlqadr", "orcid": "0000-0002-1737-5920" }, { "affs": [ 1 ], "name": "Mohammed N. Saeed", "orcid": "0009-0003-6968-4252" }, { "affs": [ 2 ], "name": "Ammar Badran Ramddan", "orcid": "0000-0001-7750-5988" }, { "affs": [ 3 ], "name": "Ahmad F. Hama Sdiq", "orcid": "0009-0008-7432-3722" }, { "affs": [ 4 ], "name": "Hamza Kamaran Hama" }, { "affs": [ 5 ], "name": "Md. Sakhawot Hossain", "orcid": "0000-0001-7143-260X" }, { "affs": [ 6 ], "name": "Sobia Noreen", "orcid": "0000-0002-4407-6002" }, { "affs": [ 7 ], "name": "Hassan Raza", "orcid": "0000-0002-0470-756X" }, { "affs": [ 0 ], "name": "Attila Péter Kiss", "orcid": "0009-0008-2038-0641" } ], "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/7faxq2rc2v04c.bib", "cited_by": 0, "doi": "10.3390/molecules31203754", "fulltext_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13707648/?tool=EBI", "id": "7faxq2rc2v04c", "issns": [ "1420-3049" ], "landing_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/31/20/3754", "language": "eng", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0", "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_source": "article", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "metadata_licence": null, "native_subjects": [ [ "openalex", "1312|Extracellular vesicles in disease" ] ], "openalex": "W7222977512", "pdf_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13707648/pdf/?tool=EBI", "pmcid": "PMC13707648", "pmid": null, "published": "2026-10-01", "publisher": "MDPI AG", "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/7faxq2rc2v04c.ris", "sources": [ { "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:18:42Z", "native_id": "10.3390/molecules31203754", "source": "crossref", "url": "https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/31/20/3754" }, { "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:21:44Z", "native_id": "PMC:PMC13707648", "source": "europepmc", "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13707648" } ], "subjects": [ { "field": "biochemistry", "origin": "openalex:1312|Extracellular vesicles in disease", "subfield": "molecular-biology" } ], "title": "Next-Generation Functional Nanoplatforms: Engineering Plant-Derived Extracellular Vesicles for Targeted Bioactive Delivery and Health Applications", "title_text": "Next-Generation Functional Nanoplatforms: Engineering Plant-Derived Extracellular Vesicles for Targeted Bioactive Delivery and Health Applications", "type": "peer-reviewed", "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:21:44Z", "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/7faxq2rc2v04c", "venue": "Molecules", "versions": [] }