{
  "abstract": "Background\n\nICHD-3 recognizes restlessness/agitation as an accompanying feature of cluster headache (CH). However, its phenotypic significance within CH remains uncertain. We compared patients with CH with (CHwR) and without restlessness (CHwoR) to characterize the clinical features and symptom burden associated with restlessness.Methods\n\nWe conducted a cross-sectional cohort study of Turkish patients with CH (n = 318) across tertiary neurology clinics, using a standardized clinician-administered questionnaire. We compared patients with CHwR versus CHwoR across clinical domains, applied multivariable logistic regression to identify independent correlates, and used Partitioning Around Medoids clustering (six pre-specified variables) to explore data-driven profiles.Results\n\nThere were no patients diagnosed with restlessness alone, without any autonomic symptoms. Restlessness co-occurred with cranial autonomic symptoms-particularly eyelid ptosis and sweating-and also with photophobia, nausea and vomiting. Independent correlates were photophobia (OR 2.91; 95% CI 1.65-5.14), sweating (1.96; 1.04-3.71), and eyelid ptosis (1.75, 1.01-3.03). Workplace burden tended to be greater in CHwR (work-day loss median 10 vs. 5 days; work-life impact 84.1% vs. 73.4%), with higher work-life impact and a borderline difference in work-day loss. Exploratory clustering showed a graded pattern of restlessness, highest in the earlier-onset/high-burden profile.Conclusion\n\nIn this tertiary-care cohort, restlessness was associated with a broader, symptom-rich CH phenotype characterized by both cranial autonomic and migrainous features and greater clinical burden. As no migraine comparison group was included, its diagnostic discriminatory value cannot be directly assessed. These findings suggest that restlessness may be better interpreted in the context of the overall CH phenotype rather than as an isolated diagnostic feature.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Neurology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Türkiye.",
    "Department of Neurology, Acibadem University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Türkiye.",
    "Department of Neurology, Burhan Nalbantoğlu State Hospital, Nicosia, Cyprus.",
    "NOROM Neuroscience and Excellence Center, Ankara, Türkiye.",
    "Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Mersin University Faculty of Medicine, Mersin, Türkiye."
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 12,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Edis Hacılar"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Pınar Yalınay Dikmen"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Esme Ekizoğlu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Elif Ilgaz Aydınlar"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Elif Kocasoy Orhan"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Ferda Selçuk"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Aynur Özge"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Ayşenur Şahin"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Tuba Erdogan Soyukibar"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Bahar Taşdelen"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Mustafa Ertaş"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Betül Baykan"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/7gcy7s78efs1m.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3389/fneur.2026.1946721",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13677482",
  "id": "7gcy7s78efs1m",
  "issns": [
    "1664-2295"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42898184",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2738|Migraine and Headache Studies"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7219889355",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13677482?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13677482",
  "pmid": "42898184",
  "published": "2026-10-05",
  "publisher": "Frontiers Media SA",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/7gcy7s78efs1m.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:19:37Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42898184",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42898184"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:20:16Z",
      "native_id": "10.3389/fneur.2026.1946721",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fneur.2026.1946721/full"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2738|Migraine and Headache Studies",
      "subfield": "psychiatry"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Restlessness in cluster headache: unveiling the role of its key associations and clinical implications from a cohort study.",
  "title_text": "Restlessness in cluster headache: unveiling the role of its key associations and clinical implications from a cohort study.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:20:16Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/7gcy7s78efs1m",
  "venue": "Frontiers in neurology",
  "versions": []
}