{
  "abstract": "Tropical peatlands store a significant portion of global soil carbon. However, fires in these ecosystems pose major monitoring challenges, particularly in detecting and distinguishing between flaming and smouldering phases. Distinguishing between these phases is crucial because the smouldering phase accounts for the majority of carbon and particulate emissions yet is far more difficult to detect. This review is the first to systematically link the physicochemical mechanisms of tropical peat combustion with remote sensing capabilities. Following the PRISMA 2020 protocol, 408 records were screened, and 23 articles were included to address three research questions: fire detection mechanisms, remote sensing methods and capabilities, and detection challenges. Phase detection relies on temperature-dependent radiation emissions. The flaming phase is best detected using shortwave infrared (SWIR), whereas the smouldering phase is best detected using thermal infrared (TIR) and longwave infrared (LWIR). The primary challenge lies in detecting the smouldering phase, which is difficult to identify yet most significant in terms of emissions. To address this, the study highlights high-temporal-resolution data such as VIIRS and recommends integrating the Tropical Peatland Combustion Algorithm index (ToPeCAI) with subpixel methods to enable accurate monitoring and classification of fire types at the local scale on a daily basis.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Geodetic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia; Corresponding author.",
    "Department of Geodetic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia",
    "Doctoral Program in Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering, Faculty of Earth Science and Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, 40132, Indonesia; Center for Remote Sensing, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, 40132, Indonesia",
    "Graduate Program on Mathematics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia",
    "Undergraduate Program in Department of Geodetic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang, 50275, Indonesia",
    "Department of Environmental Science, Graduate School, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia"
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 16,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Ma’ruf Arief Fadillah"
    },
    {
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      ],
      "name": "Bambang Kun Cahyono"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Esa Angger Winasis"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Dhia Zalfa Zahira"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Fitri Cahyani"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Nur Muhammad Ikram"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Mufid Rafi Al Royyan"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Caecilia Alvinny Atulolon"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "I Made Sutra Mahardika"
    },
    {
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        5
      ],
      "name": "Nurlaila Sahara Worabay"
    },
    {
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        1
      ],
      "name": "Yunardi"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Rizal Kurniawan"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Muhammad Siradz Haningdya"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Agustinus Raja Lama"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Faiz Karmani"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Hyatma Adikara Ajrin"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/7gzgy8pvdzfbk.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1016/j.envc.2026.101699",
  "fulltext_url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667010026002933",
  "id": "7gzgy8pvdzfbk",
  "issns": [
    "2667-0100"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envc.2026.101699",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "journal",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "lcc",
      "GE1-350"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2213|Fire Detection and Safety Systems"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7223239375",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667010026002933/pdf",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-30",
  "publisher": "Elsevier",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/7gzgy8pvdzfbk.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T13:44:58Z",
      "native_id": "d408367e774f42c993d765b2648d7e7b",
      "source": "doaj",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envc.2026.101699"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "earth",
      "origin": "lcc:GE1-350",
      "subfield": "environmental-science"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Optical Remote Sensing for Flaming and Smouldering Combustion in Tropical Peatland Fires: A Systematic Review of Detection Mechanisms, Capabilities, and Challenges",
  "title_text": "Optical Remote Sensing for Flaming and Smouldering Combustion in Tropical Peatland Fires: A Systematic Review of Detection Mechanisms, Capabilities, and Challenges",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T13:44:58Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/7gzgy8pvdzfbk",
  "venue": "Environmental Challenges",
  "versions": []
}