{
  "abstract": "Liver transplantation (LT) is a complex surgical intervention, with intricate decision-making and risks at all stages before, during and after the procedure itself. Artificial intelligence (AI) may assist the process but has seen limited use. This scoping review assessed primary articles reporting on clinical AI in LT in MEDLINE and Embase from 2000 to September 2026. 196 articles were identified: focusing on the pre-operative period before transplant (21.9%), organ retrieval (9.7%), intra-operative issues (3.6%), short-term post-operative complications (16.8%), long-term post-operative complications (45.9%) and natural language processing (2.0%). 95.9% had retrospective designs and only 12.8% had direct multi-centre data, with the rest from national registries or single centres. 13.8% of studies externally validated their AI tools. Only one study performed a prospective evaluation of their tool with a randomized controlled trial. Progress towards clinically deployable tools will require harmonised, higher-granularity datasets, consistent reporting, and prospective evaluation within real-world transplant workflows.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Roger Williams Institute of Liver Studies, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.",
    "Department of Liver Transplantation and Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom.",
    "Department of Endocrine Surgery, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom.",
    "School of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Medicine and Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.",
    "CogStack, Precision Medicine, Networked Services, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.",
    "Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom.",
    "Liver Intensive Therapy Unit, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom.",
    "Department of Renal Transplantation, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.",
    "Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Royal Free Hospital, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.",
    "London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom."
  ],
  "article_type": "Research Article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 11,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Aditya Borakati",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-0457-4944"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Joshua Agilinko"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Jack Wu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Samora Hunter"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Anwar Alhaq"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5
      ],
      "name": "Farid Froghi"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "James Teo",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-6899-8319"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        6
      ],
      "name": "William Bernal"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        7
      ],
      "name": "Chris Callaghan"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Miriam Cortes-Cerisuelo"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        8,
        9
      ],
      "name": "David Wallace",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-8959-7741"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/7h8d98r1b0yr7.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0361120",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13693877",
  "id": "7h8d98r1b0yr7",
  "issns": [
    "1932-6203"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0361120",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2718|Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Neuroscience/Cognitive science/Cognitive psychology/Language"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Neuroscience/Neural networks"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Psychology/Cognitive psychology/Language"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Computer and information sciences/Artificial intelligence"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Computer and information sciences/Artificial intelligence/Machine learning"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Computer and information sciences/Information technology/Natural language processing"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Computer and information sciences/Neural networks"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Medicine and health sciences/Epidemiology/Medical risk factors/Cancer risk factors"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Medicine and health sciences/Gastroenterology and hepatology/Liver diseases/Hepatocellular carcinoma"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Medicine and health sciences/Oncology/Cancer risk factors"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Medicine and health sciences/Oncology/Cancers and neoplasms/Carcinoma/Hepatocellular carcinoma"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Medicine and health sciences/Oncology/Cancers and neoplasms/Gastrointestinal tumors/Hepatocellular carcinoma"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Medicine and health sciences/Surgical and invasive medical procedures/Digestive system procedures/Liver transplantation"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Medicine and health sciences/Surgical and invasive medical procedures/Transplantation/Organ transplantation/Liver transplantation"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Social sciences/Psychology/Cognitive psychology/Language"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7223390742",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13693877?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13693877",
  "pmid": "42912756",
  "published": "2026-10-23",
  "publisher": "Public Library of Science",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/7h8d98r1b0yr7.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:17:17Z",
      "native_id": "10.1371/journal.pone.0361120",
      "source": "plos",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0361120"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:20:03Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42912756",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42912756"
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  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biology",
      "origin": "plos:neuroscience",
      "subfield": "neuroscience"
    },
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "plos:oncology",
      "subfield": "oncology"
    },
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "plos:surgical and invasive medical procedures",
      "subfield": "surgery"
    }
  ],
  "title": "The applications of artificial intelligence in liver transplantation: A comprehensive scoping review",
  "title_text": "The applications of artificial intelligence in liver transplantation: A comprehensive scoping review",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:20:03Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/7h8d98r1b0yr7",
  "venue": "PLOS One",
  "versions": []
}