{
  "abstract": "Stellar X-ray emission serves as a direct diagnostic of coronal activity, which is fundamentally linked to coronal heating processes. It also strongly influences the atmospheres and long-term habitability of orbiting exoplanets. Investigating how this high-energy emission evolves is therefore essential for understanding the evolution of stellar magnetic dynamos and planetary atmospheres and habitability. In this work, we investigate the evolution of X-ray activity and X-ray and UV (XUV) irradiation for a sample of F–M dwarf stars based on Chandra X-ray Observatory and XMM-Newton Observatory observations. We find that F- and G-type stars broadly follow the traditional evolutionary picture of an early saturated (or weakly declining) phase followed by a modest decline, whereas K- and M-type stars exhibit a clear three-phase evolution of a saturated phase, an intermediate phase of rapid decay, and a final modest decline phase. By combining X-ray, UV, and Ca II H and K bands, we show that coronal emission becomes increasingly dominant toward lower-mass stars. Based on the cumulative XUV emission calculated from our fitted relation, planets around F- and G-type stars experience relatively moderate XUV environments, while those around K- and M-type stars may exceed the empirical cosmic shoreline shortly after reaching the main sequence, though this conclusion depends on the adopted shoreline value.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "University of Chinese Academy of Sciences",
    "Chinese Academy of Sciences",
    "Beijing Normal University"
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 6,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Xue Li",
      "orcid": "0009-0007-4501-4376"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Song Wang",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-3116-5038"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Henggeng Han",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-3474-5118"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Jun Ma",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-6329-6644"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Yang Huang",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-3250-2876"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Jifeng Liu",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-2874-2706"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/7hy8zqsxwfp41.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3847/1538-4365/aea077",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "7hy8zqsxwfp41",
  "issns": [
    "0067-0049",
    "1538-4365"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-4365/aea077",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "3103|Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7215089945",
  "pdf_url": "https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-4365/aea077/pdf",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-01",
  "publisher": "American Astronomical Society",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/7hy8zqsxwfp41.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:18:15Z",
      "native_id": "10.3847/1538-4365/aea077",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-4365/aea077"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "astronomy",
      "origin": "openalex:3103|Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies",
      "subfield": "stellar"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Evolution of Stellar Activity and Habitable Zone. III. X-Ray Activity of Dwarfs in Open Clusters and Field Stars",
  "title_text": "Evolution of Stellar Activity and Habitable Zone. III. X-Ray Activity of Dwarfs in Open Clusters and Field Stars",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:18:15Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/7hy8zqsxwfp41",
  "venue": "The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series",
  "versions": []
}