{
  "abstract": "Musculoskeletal injuries and degenerative disorders caused by trauma, aging, chronic inflammation, and metabolic dysfunction frequently result in impaired functional recovery, including skeletal muscle atrophy, bone loss, cartilage degeneration, and neuromuscular dysfunction. Although exercise rehabilitation, physical therapy, and pharmacological interventions can improve clinical outcomes, their ability to restore the complex pathological microenvironment characterized by persistent inflammation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and metabolic imbalance remains limited. Plant-derived extracellular nanovesicles (PELNs), naturally occurring lipid-bilayer nanoparticles containing diverse bioactive cargos such as RNAs, proteins, lipids, and phytochemicals, have recently emerged as promising regulators of tissue repair. Unlike conventional nanoparticles that mainly serve as passive delivery carriers, PELNs possess intrinsic biological activity and can actively modulate cellular states across biological barriers. Increasing evidence indicates that PELNs contribute to musculoskeletal regeneration by regulating inflammatory responses, oxidative stress, mitochondrial homeostasis, stem/progenitor cell activity, and extracellular matrix remodeling. Recent studies have reported regenerative effects of PELNs in experimental models involving skeletal muscle, bone, and peripheral nerve tissues. Beyond tissue-specific effects, accumulating evidence suggests that PELN-mediated regeneration involves coordinated mitochondrial–immune–metabolic reprogramming, including regulation of mitochondrial quality control, inflammatory signaling, and immunometabolic states. This review summarizes recent advances in PELN-mediated musculoskeletal repair and their potential relevance to functional recovery, highlighting their biological properties, therapeutic applications, and underlying regulatory mechanisms. The challenges and future perspectives of engineered PELNs for regenerative rehabilitation are also discussed.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine), Hangzhou, China",
    "The First School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China"
  ],
  "article_type": "review article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 5,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Ningning Zhu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Ningrui Wang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "NaNa Zhou"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Baodong Ye"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Jingjing Liu"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/7nr9btbrfepvw.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3389/fchem.2026.1968520",
  "fulltext_url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13698830/",
  "id": "7nr9btbrfepvw",
  "issns": [
    "2296-2646"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2026.1968520",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Review"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "1312|Extracellular vesicles in disease"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7221505215",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13698830/pdf/?tool=EBI",
  "pmcid": "PMC13698830",
  "pmid": "42936525",
  "published": "2026-10-12",
  "publisher": "Frontiers Media SA",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/7nr9btbrfepvw.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:19:34Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13698830",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2026.1968520"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:21:25Z",
      "native_id": "PMC:PMC13698830",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13698830"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biochemistry",
      "origin": "openalex:1312|Extracellular vesicles in disease",
      "subfield": "molecular-biology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Plant-derived extracellular nanovesicles in musculoskeletal repair and functional rehabilitation: mitochondrial–immune–metabolic regulation",
  "title_text": "Plant-derived extracellular nanovesicles in musculoskeletal repair and functional rehabilitation: mitochondrial–immune–metabolic regulation",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:35:31Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/7nr9btbrfepvw",
  "venue": "Frontiers in Chemistry",
  "versions": []
}