{
  "abstract": "BACKGROUND: Omega-3 fatty acids (ω-3 FAs), particularly EPA and DHA, are recognized for their health benefits. However, their circulating levels after supplementation may be modulated by several factors, including sex, carriage of the apolipoprotein E ε4 (APOE4) allele, and the chemical form of the supplement. Krill oil delivers ω-3 FAs primarily as phospholipids, whereas fish oil provides them as triglycerides. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to compare EPA and DHA concentrations after supplementation with krill oil and fish oil and assess whether sex and APOE4 genotype modify responses to supplementation. METHODS: This double-blind, randomized clinical trial included 72 healthy adults (53 females, 19 males) matched for age and BMI. Participants received 1.1 g/d ω-3 FAs through either krill oil (n = 36) or fish oil (n = 36) for 12 wk. Plasma FAs were measured at baseline and at weeks 1, 2, 4, and 12 by GC-flame ionization detection. Differences in plasma ω-3 FAs concentrations by treatment, sex, and APOE4 status were analyzed. RESULTS: Time-by-treatment interactions were significant for plasma delta over baseline concentrations of EPA (P = 0.0001) and DHA (P = 0.005), with krill oil resulting in ∼1.5-fold higher Δ EPA and Δ DHA compared with fish oil. The time-by-sex interaction was significant only for EPA (P = 0.026), with females having a 1.5-fold greater increase than males at 12 wk. After supplementation with either krill oil or fish oil, APOE4 carriers had 3-fold and 1.6-fold higher EPA and DHA, respectively, compared with baseline; however, these increases were not significantly different from those found in noncarriers. CONCLUSIONS: Krill oil increased plasma ω-3 FAs more than fish oil, regardless of APOE4 genotype. Individuals with higher ω-3 FA requirements may achieve adequate enrichment with lower doses of krill oil compared with fish oil supplementation. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT04279743.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 4,
  "authors": [
    {
      "name": "Insaf Loukil"
    },
    {
      "name": "Annick Vachon"
    },
    {
      "name": "Artuela Çaku"
    },
    {
      "name": "Mélanie Plourde"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/7par7a9y3ed4y.bib",
  "cited_by": 1,
  "doi": "10.1016/j.ajcnut.2026.101346",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "7par7a9y3ed4y",
  "issns": [
    "0002-9165",
    "1938-3207"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://hal.science/hal-05790347v1",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-NC-ND",
  "licence_label": "CC BY-NC-ND",
  "licence_source": "journal",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "hal",
      "0.sdv"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2916|Fatty Acid Research and Health"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7161389384",
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-09",
  "publisher": "Oxford University Press",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/7par7a9y3ed4y.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:17:53Z",
      "native_id": "hal-05790347",
      "source": "hal",
      "url": "https://hal.science/hal-05790347v1"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biology",
      "origin": "hal:0.sdv",
      "subfield": "general"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Krill oil increases plasma omega-3 fatty acids more than fish oil in healthy adults: a double-blind randomized controlled trial",
  "title_text": "Krill oil increases plasma omega-3 fatty acids more than fish oil in healthy adults: a double-blind randomized controlled trial",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:17:53Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/7par7a9y3ed4y",
  "venue": "The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition",
  "versions": []
}