{
  "abstract": "Background: Gastric cancer (GC) is a molecularly heterogeneous disease. This study aims to explore whether endocytosis pathway-associated genes and immune checkpoint-related features were linked to GC subtypes and prognosis.\n\nMethods: Public transcriptomic datasets from TCGA and GEO were analyzed. ssGSEA was applied to predefined endocytosis-related gene sets, and NMF was used to identify molecular subtypes. Survival, tumor microenvironment features, tumor mutation burden, microsatellite instability, and differentially expressed genes were evaluated. A three-gene prognostic model was developed and assessed through retrospective internal and external validation across public cohorts for prognostic association only.\n\nResults: Two endocytosis-related subtypes were identified. The Group 1 subtype showed higher pathway activity, more immunosuppressive microenvironmental features, higher expression of selected immune checkpoint-related markers, and poorer survival. The Group 2 subtype showed lower pathway activity and more favorable outcomes. A three-gene signature (NRP1, SERPINE1, and MISP3) stratified patients into higher-risk and lower-risk groups across retrospective cohorts. Higher-risk cases were associated with worse overall survival and enrichment of epithelial-mesenchymal transition- and immune evasion-related pathways. This retrospective cross-cohort validation suggests that the prognostic signal was not restricted to a single dataset, but it does not demonstrate prospective clinical validity, analytical validity, or readiness for clinical implementation.\n\nConclusions: Endocytosis-related molecular patterns may be associated with distinct biological and prognostic features in GC. The identified subtypes and prognostic signature should be interpreted as exploratory, hypothesis-generating findings that warrant further prospective, functional, and assay-level validation.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Zhejiang Cancer Hospital; Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences , ,",
    "Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University , ,",
    "Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University , , ,",
    "Division of General, Oncological, Mini-Invasive and Obesity Surgery, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli” , ,",
    "Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University , ,"
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 15,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Guangyu Ding"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Chenjie Xu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Xingmao Huang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Federico Maria Mongardini"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Pengfei Yu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Chengkang Zhu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Hongtao Wang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Zequan Wu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Shengxin Fang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Xinyi Lei"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Minji Xu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Salvatore Tolone"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Ludovico Docimo"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Li Min"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Ling Huang"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/7pqdvs3qj5hq6.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3389/fonc.2026.1948199",
  "fulltext_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13669850/?tool=EBI",
  "id": "7pqdvs3qj5hq6",
  "issns": [
    "2234-943X"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13669850",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2740|Gastric Cancer Management and Outcomes"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7215120105",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13669850/pdf/?tool=EBI",
  "pmcid": "PMC13669850",
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-01",
  "publisher": "Frontiers Media SA",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/7pqdvs3qj5hq6.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:18:18Z",
      "native_id": "PMC:PMC13669850",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13669850"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:20:13Z",
      "native_id": "10.3389/fonc.2026.1948199",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fonc.2026.1948199/full"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "issn:2234-943X",
      "subfield": "oncology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Molecular profiling and prognostic significance of gastric cancer subtypes based on extracellular vesicle-related characteristics",
  "title_text": "Molecular profiling and prognostic significance of gastric cancer subtypes based on extracellular vesicle-related characteristics",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:20:13Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/7pqdvs3qj5hq6",
  "venue": "Frontiers in oncology",
  "versions": []
}