{
  "abstract": "The growing demand for critical raw materials to support carbon-neutral energy and transportation systems motivates the exploration of deep-seated (500–4000 m) mineral deposits. Although electrical resistivity is a key parameter for identifying mineralization, imaging these depths remains challenging due to limitations in resolution and nonuniqueness of individual electromagnetic inversions. This study evaluated the potential of joint 3D inversion of magnetotelluric (MT) and controlled-source electromagnetic (CSEM) data to improve subsurface resistivity models. A joint inversion framework was implemented using open-source codes to balance MT and CSEM sensitivities via a relative weight defined by the ratio of the Frobenius norms of their weighted Jacobian matrices. The methodology was applied to a large-scale field data set from northeastern Finland, targeting a deep mafic–ultramafic intrusion at depths exceeding 1.5 km, with regional potential for copper, nickel, platinum-group elements, vanadium, titanium, and iron. Results demonstrated that joint inversion improves model resolution and consistency with known geology and legacy geophysical data compared to individual inversions. These findings highlighted the feasibility and promise of combined large-scale 3D MT–CSEM surveys for deep mineral exploration and provided a scalable framework for future research and commercial applications.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 10,
  "authors": [
    {
      "name": "Simon Védrine"
    },
    {
      "name": "Cedric Patzer"
    },
    {
      "name": "Francois Bretaudeau"
    },
    {
      "name": "Raphael Rochlitz"
    },
    {
      "name": "Uula Autio"
    },
    {
      "name": "Bitnarae Kim"
    },
    {
      "name": "Jacques Deparis"
    },
    {
      "name": "Fabrice Vermeersch"
    },
    {
      "name": "Jochen Kamm"
    },
    {
      "name": "Mathieu Darnet"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/7s52b8cdwfb6c.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1190/geo-2025-0261",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "7s52b8cdwfb6c",
  "issns": [
    "0016-8033"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://brgm.hal.science/hal-05774014v1",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "hal",
      "0.sdu"
    ],
    [
      "hal",
      "1.sdu.stu"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "1908|Geophysical and Geoelectrical Methods"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7172222877",
  "pdf_url": "https://brgm.hal.science/hal-05774014/document",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-09-01",
  "publisher": "Society of Exploration Geophysicists",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/7s52b8cdwfb6c.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:17:45Z",
      "native_id": "hal-05774014",
      "source": "hal",
      "url": "https://brgm.hal.science/hal-05774014v1"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "earth",
      "origin": "openalex:1908|Geophysical and Geoelectrical Methods",
      "subfield": "geophysics"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Joint 3D resistivity inversion of ground-based MT and CSEM data to improve resolution for deep mineral exploration",
  "title_text": "Joint 3D resistivity inversion of ground-based MT and CSEM data to improve resolution for deep mineral exploration",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:17:45Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/7s52b8cdwfb6c",
  "venue": "Geophysics",
  "versions": []
}