{
  "abstract": "Petroleum-based packaging remains a major source of fossil-resource consumption, greenhouse-gas emissions, and persistent plastic waste, creating a need for packaging systems aligned with cleaner production and circular-economy principles. Starch is an abundant, low-cost, and biodegradable biopolymer, but its moisture sensitivity, weak mechanical performance, and poorly controlled degradation limit large-scale substitution of conventional plastics. This review synthesizes recent progress in starch-based packaging from the perspective of degradation control, nanocomposite development, and life-cycle sustainability. The multiscale structure of starch is first linked to enzymatic accessibility and environmental degradation kinetics. Biological, physical, and chemical degradation pathways are then discussed in relation to service stability and end-of-life disintegration. Strategies involving individual nanofillers, synergistic combinations of nanofillers, and environmentally friendly nanocomposite preparation are evaluated for their ability to improve barrier and mechanical performance while regulating degradation behavior. Life-cycle assessment, carbon-footprint accounting, and degradation-product safety are further integrated to identify trade-offs among material performance, processing emissions, agricultural inputs, nanofiller fate, and disposal scenarios. The review highlights that cleaner production of starch-based packaging requires simultaneous optimization of renewable feedstocks, low-carbon modification processes, controllable degradation, and standardized environmental assessment. Future development should prioritize scalable and environmentally friendly production of starch-based nanocomposites, smart degradation triggers, multi-scenario life-cycle evaluation, and industrial processing windows to support verifiable environmental benefits.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Saken Seifullin Kazakh Agrotechnical University, Zhenis Avenue 62, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan.",
    "Department of Agricultural Product Processing, BEENAR LABS LLP, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan.",
    "Department of Agricultural Product Processing, Faculty of Agriculture, Manash Kozybayev North Kazakhstan University, Petropavlovsk 150000, Kazakhstan.",
    "Department of Chemistry, Sarsen Amanzholov East Kazakhstan University, Ust-Kamenogorsk 070010, Kazakhstan.",
    "State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China."
  ],
  "article_type": "review article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 10,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Marat Muratkhan"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1,
        3
      ],
      "name": "Zhadyra Muratkhan"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Zhazira Mukazhanova",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-4635-8000"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Bakhyt Shaimenova",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-5472-036X"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Berdibek Bulashev",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-1831-3315"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Saule Saduakhassova"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Zhazira Zhazykbayeva",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-9626-7775"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Amirsana Kiykbay",
      "orcid": "0009-0008-8866-582X"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Gulnazym Ospankulova",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-6043-4658"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Wei Liang",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-6052-6520"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/7shbrmbs620b0.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3390/foods15203603",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13704533",
  "id": "7shbrmbs620b0",
  "issns": [
    "2304-8158"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42940238",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2502|Nanocomposite Films for Food Packaging"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7221520957",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13704533?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13704533",
  "pmid": "42940238",
  "published": "2026-10-10",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/7shbrmbs620b0.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:22:24Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42940238",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42940238"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "chemistry",
      "origin": "openalex:2502|Nanocomposite Films for Food Packaging",
      "subfield": "materials-polymers"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Starch-Based Green Packaging for Cleaner Production: Degradation Control, Nanocomposite Development, and Life-Cycle Sustainability.",
  "title_text": "Starch-Based Green Packaging for Cleaner Production: Degradation Control, Nanocomposite Development, and Life-Cycle Sustainability.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:22:24Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/7shbrmbs620b0",
  "venue": "Foods (Basel, Switzerland)",
  "versions": []
}