{
  "abstract": "The transcriptional and cell repertoire changes of lymph node (LN) T cells following influenza vaccination have been under-investigated across different ethnicities. Draining (dLN) and non-draining (ndLN) axillary LN cells from 17 participants with genotypically varied African or Asian ancestry (ISRCTN13657999) were collected by fine needle aspiration (FNA) before, 5 days and 42 days after adjuvanted influenza vaccination and analysed by single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq). The early dLN transcriptional profile and cellular dynamics were distinct from the ndLN; BACH2 expressing T cells were highly induced, exhibiting stem-like and unique quiescence signatures. Proliferating T follicular helper cells (Tfh) were enriched in dLN and Th1-like Tfh predominated with highly induced transcriptional changes. The BACH2+ T cell state and Th1-like Tfh cells, transcriptionally distinct from germinal centre (GC) T cells, were co-localised with LAMP3+ dendritic cells in the T cell zone of publicly available LN datasets, a region that was also distinct from GC Tfh niches. Together, these findings indicate that the induction of a robust, proliferative, and transcriptionally diverse Tfh response, alongside a discrete subset of BACH2+ T cells, represents a marked feature of the early T cell zone immune response to adjuvanted influenza vaccine in the dLN.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "University of Oxford"
  ],
  "article_type": "New results",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 20,
  "authors": [
    {
      "name": "S. Kim"
    },
    {
      "name": "J. Siu"
    },
    {
      "name": "T. Chan"
    },
    {
      "name": "C. Kaur"
    },
    {
      "name": "C. H.-j. Lee"
    },
    {
      "name": "W. Zhang"
    },
    {
      "name": "J. Mackerodt"
    },
    {
      "name": "T. Szommer"
    },
    {
      "name": "K. Dooley"
    },
    {
      "name": "S. Coelho"
    },
    {
      "name": "A. Palomeras"
    },
    {
      "name": "J. Fowler"
    },
    {
      "name": "B. Marsden"
    },
    {
      "name": "T. Lambe"
    },
    {
      "name": "D. Palmer"
    },
    {
      "name": "H. Koohy"
    },
    {
      "name": "N. Provine"
    },
    {
      "name": "M. Coles"
    },
    {
      "name": "C. A. Dendrou"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "K. Pollock"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/7tagqh1vp1myd.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.64898/2026.09.19.752896",
  "fulltext_url": "https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.09.19.752896v1.full",
  "id": "7tagqh1vp1myd",
  "issns": [],
  "landing_url": "https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.09.19.752896v1",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "biorxiv",
      "immunology"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2403|T-cell and B-cell Immunology"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7214316069",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.09.19.752896v1.full.pdf",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-09-19",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/7tagqh1vp1myd.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:24:28Z",
      "native_id": "10.64898/2026.09.19.752896",
      "source": "biorxiv",
      "url": "https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.09.19.752896v1"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biology",
      "origin": "biorxiv:immunology",
      "subfield": "immunology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Distinct transcriptional states of draining lymph node T cells following influenza vaccination in individuals with underrepresented ancestries",
  "title_text": "Distinct transcriptional states of draining lymph node T cells following influenza vaccination in individuals with underrepresented ancestries",
  "type": "preprint",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:24:28Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/7tagqh1vp1myd",
  "venue": "bioRxiv",
  "versions": []
}