{
  "abstract": "This study develops a lightweight K-Nearest Neighbor (K-NN) classifier to identify five Indonesian herbal leaf species—betel, bay, guava, soursop, and moringa—for potential smart-agriculture applications. The initial dataset contained 1,000 leaf images and was expanded to 6,000 images through offline augmentation. After data cleaning, 5,884 images were retained for analysis. Each image was resized to 256 × 256 pixels, converted into grayscale and HSV color spaces, and segmented using Otsu thresholding. A total of 21 features representing shape, color, and Gray-Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM)-based texture characteristics were extracted. K-NN hyperparameters were optimized through Grid Search with Stratified 5-Fold Cross-Validation using 80:20, 70:30, and 60:40 training–testing splits. Under image-level evaluation, the best configuration used Manhattan distance, k = 1, and distance weighting, achieving 92.18% accuracy and a 92.29% macro F1-score on the 80:20 split. The 70:30 and 60:40 splits achieved accuracies of 91.79% and 91.21%, respectively. Misclassifications primarily occurred between soursop and guava leaves. Although the framework is compact and interpretable, augmentation before splitting may have produced optimistic results. Future work should apply source-grouped validation and assess real on-device performance.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 4,
  "authors": [
    {
      "name": "Avip Kurniawan"
    },
    {
      "name": "Agustinus Eko Setiawan"
    },
    {
      "name": "Vevi Maritha"
    },
    {
      "name": "Muhammad Abrar Argianata"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/7tjkr3yab5pzk.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.63158/journalisi.v8i5.1938",
  "fulltext_url": "https://journal-isi.org/index.php/isi/article/view/1938",
  "id": "7tjkr3yab5pzk",
  "issns": [
    "2656-5935",
    "2656-4882"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.63158/journalisi.v8i5.1938",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "journal",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "lcc",
      "QA1-939"
    ],
    [
      "lcc",
      "QA75.5-76.95"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "1110|Smart Agriculture and AI"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7223452448",
  "pdf_url": "https://journal-isi.org/index.php/isi/article/download/1938/1076",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-24",
  "publisher": "Asosiasi Doktor Sistem Informasi Indonesia",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/7tjkr3yab5pzk.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T13:44:46Z",
      "native_id": "85040ab1f2f24f4db95c0c8b1aee31c9",
      "source": "doaj",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.63158/journalisi.v8i5.1938"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biology",
      "origin": "openalex:1110|Smart Agriculture and AI",
      "subfield": "plant-biology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Hyperparameter-Tuned K-Nearest Neighbor for Herbal Leaf Classification Using Shape, Color, and Texture Feature Fusion in Smart Agriculture",
  "title_text": "Hyperparameter-Tuned K-Nearest Neighbor for Herbal Leaf Classification Using Shape, Color, and Texture Feature Fusion in Smart Agriculture",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T13:44:46Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/7tjkr3yab5pzk",
  "venue": "Journal of Information Systems and Informatics",
  "versions": []
}