{
  "abstract": "Refractive surgery corrects vision using different corneal techniques; however, dry eye disease (DED) is one of its commonest side effects. This descriptive survey questionnaire-based study aimed to evaluate prevalence and factors associated with dry eye symptoms after refractive surgery among survey respondents using ocular surface disease index (OSDI) questionnaire in Saudi Arabia. Four hundred and thirty nine participants were included. Dry eye OSDI scores compared across different epidemiological risk factors, focusing on refractive surgery type and postoperative duration. Photorefractive keratectomy (PRK), laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) or Femtosecond (FS)-LASIK, and small incision lenticule extraction procedures were performed on 201 (45.79%), 222 (50.56%), and 16 (3.65%) participants, respectively. According to OSDI scores, 391 participants (89.1%) had dry eye symptoms after surgery, with 69.5% classified as severe, 11.4% as moderate, 8.2% as mild, and only 10.9% as normal. Insignificant gender differences were observed; however, OSDI-defined dry eye symptoms prevalence was lower in Eastern Province and in participants with longer post-surgery durations. Participants who underwent PRK reported higher prevalence of OSDI-defined dry eye symptoms versus those underwent LASIK/FS-LASIK. In conclusion, Self-reported OSDI-defined DED were common after refractive surgery, especially after PRK. Females and early post-surgery patients have more severe OSDI-defined dry eye symptoms. Living in a humid area (Eastern Province) may reduce risk of OSDI-defined DED post-surgery.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.",
    "Department of Ophthalmology, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.",
    "Department of Ophthalmology, Jeddah Eye Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.",
    "Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, Mouwasat Hospital, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.",
    "Department of Orthopedic, King Salman Armed Forces Hospital, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia.",
    "Department of Dermatology, King Fahad hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.",
    "King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.",
    "Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia."
  ],
  "article_type": "Research Article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 7,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Mahmood J Showail"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Abubakr S Alzwaihri",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-9057-3707"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Eid A Almasoudi"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Hassan A Ahmed"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5
      ],
      "name": "Mohammed K Alghamdi"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        6
      ],
      "name": "Mohammed A Taha"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        7
      ],
      "name": "Waseem A Aalam"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/7v6ynvbsz0br4.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0361098",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13718936",
  "id": "7v6ynvbsz0br4",
  "issns": [
    "1932-6203"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0361098",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Anatomy"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "Biology and Life Sciences"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "Cornea"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "Epidemiology"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "Eyes"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "Head"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "Keratectomy"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "Lasik"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "Medical Risk Factors"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "Medicine and Health Sciences"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "Ocular Anatomy"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "Ocular System"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "Ophthalmic Procedures"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "Ophthalmology"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "Photorefractive Keratectomy"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "Refractive Surgery"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "Research Article"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "Surgical and Invasive Medical Procedures"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Anatomy/Head/Eyes"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Anatomy/Ocular system/Eyes"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Anatomy/Ocular system/Ocular anatomy/Cornea"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Medicine and health sciences/Anatomy/Head/Eyes"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Medicine and health sciences/Anatomy/Ocular system/Eyes"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Medicine and health sciences/Anatomy/Ocular system/Ocular anatomy/Cornea"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Medicine and health sciences/Epidemiology/Medical risk factors"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Medicine and health sciences/Ophthalmology"
    ],
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      "plos",
      "/Medicine and health sciences/Surgical and invasive medical procedures"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Medicine and health sciences/Surgical and invasive medical procedures/Ophthalmic procedures/Keratectomy/Photorefractive keratectomy"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Medicine and health sciences/Surgical and invasive medical procedures/Ophthalmic procedures/LASIK"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Medicine and health sciences/Surgical and invasive medical procedures/Ophthalmic procedures/Refractive surgery"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": null,
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13718936?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13718936",
  "pmid": "42955992",
  "published": "2026-10-29",
  "publisher": "Public Library of Science",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/7v6ynvbsz0br4.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:17:17Z",
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  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biology",
      "origin": "heading:Biology and Life Sciences",
      "subfield": "general"
    },
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "heading:Epidemiology",
      "subfield": "epidemiology-public-health"
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    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "plos:surgical and invasive medical procedures",
      "subfield": "surgery"
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  ],
  "title": "Prevalence of self-reported dry eye symptoms after refractive surgery among Saudi adults: A cross-sectional survey",
  "title_text": "Prevalence of self-reported dry eye symptoms after refractive surgery among Saudi adults: A cross-sectional survey",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-02T12:22:52Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/7v6ynvbsz0br4",
  "venue": "PLOS One",
  "versions": []
}