{
  "abstract": "West Nile virus (WNV) is a flavivirus whose cycle involves mosquitoes and avian hosts that occasionally may infect horses and humans as \"dead-end hosts.\" Human infection is mostly asymptomatic, sometimes leading to febrile or neuroinvasive disease. In 2025, Italy experienced its largest epidemic with an unprecedented geographic spread (79 provinces; 52% of cases in central Italy). Here we report whole‑genome sequencing and phylogeographic analysis of 39 WNV lineage 2 samples collected in Lazio and Campania regions between July and September 2025 from humans and animal samples. All 2025 strains belonged to a Southern Italian clade that diversified around 2020, with evidence of earlier circulation in 2024. All the 2025 genomes shared a substitution that lies in envelope protein domain III (K399R), potentially influencing interactions with the viral membrane. The same mutation was previously detected in Eastern European strains, leading to the hypothesis of introductions in Italy via migratory birds from these regions. Phylogeography identified strong viral dispersal routes within Central Italy supporting a pattern of short‑range spread and local overwintering. Overall, results highlight the roles of ecological conditions and cross‑border transmission dynamics in shaping the 2025 Italian epidemic, underscoring the need for integrated genomic/ecological surveillance.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "National Institute for Infectious Diseases \"Lazzaro Spallanzani\" IRCCS, Rome, Italy.",
    "Centre for Epidemic Response and Innovation (CERI), School of Data Science and Computational Thinking, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.",
    "Emerging Pathogens Institute, Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.",
    "Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana \"M. Aleandri\", Rome, Italy.",
    "Genetics and Genomics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.",
    "Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome \"Tor Vergata\", Rome, Italy.",
    "Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.",
    "Area Promozione della Salute e Prevenzione, Direzione Regionale Salute e Integrazione Sociosanitaria, Rome, Regione Lazio, Italy."
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 23,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Martina Rueca",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-5162-046X"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Cesare Ernesto Maria Gruber",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-8831-3380"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Gabriella De Carli",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-3972-8301"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Ilaria Mussetto",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-1444-9488"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Carla Nartuhi Mavian",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-3819-5520"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Giuseppe Manna"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Francesca Rosone",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-7644-8010"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Davide La Rocca",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-9456-359X"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2,
        4
      ],
      "name": "Juan Guillermo Perez-Jimenez",
      "orcid": "0009-0008-6374-0766"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Maria Teresa Scicluna",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-8081-5530"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        5
      ],
      "name": "Giovanni Chillemi",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-3901-6926"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Eliana Specchiarello",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-5277-3417"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Francesca Colavita",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-0640-8667"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Flavia Smoquina",
      "orcid": "0009-0009-8975-0089"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Alessandra Nappo",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-3036-7597"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        6
      ],
      "name": "Christina Merakou",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-2098-599X"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Marcello Giovanni Sala",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-4876-2656"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Claudio De Liberato",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-4027-1182"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        6
      ],
      "name": "Giulietta Venturi",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-9078-8350"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        7
      ],
      "name": "Andrea Siddu",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-8212-3538"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Francesco Vairo",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-8375-7468"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Fabrizio Maggi",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-7489-5271"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Fabrizio Carletti",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-1952-5117"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/7vy0hjfvm5bjk.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1002/jmv.71188",
  "fulltext_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13717939/?tool=EBI",
  "id": "7vy0hjfvm5bjk",
  "issns": [
    "0146-6615",
    "1096-9071"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13717939",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY-NC-ND",
  "licence_label": "CC BY-NC-ND",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Research Article"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2739|Mosquito-borne diseases and control"
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  ],
  "openalex": "W7224417338",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13717939/pdf/?tool=EBI",
  "pmcid": "PMC13717939",
  "pmid": "42954423",
  "published": "2026-10-29",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/7vy0hjfvm5bjk.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-31T00:20:37Z",
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    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-02T12:22:08Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13717939",
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      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.71188"
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  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2739|Mosquito-borne diseases and control",
      "subfield": "epidemiology-public-health"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Introduction and Spread of West Nile Virus in Lazio, Italy, 2025: Molecular Epidemiology and Genomic Characterization",
  "title_text": "Introduction and Spread of West Nile Virus in Lazio, Italy, 2025: Molecular Epidemiology and Genomic Characterization",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-02T12:22:08Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/7vy0hjfvm5bjk",
  "venue": "Journal of medical virology",
  "versions": []
}