{
  "abstract": "This work evaluates parallel battery testing as a research tool for assessing both the reproducibility of laboratory-fabricated cells and the effects of cell-to-cell variation during pack-relevant operation. Eight hand-assembled CR2032 Li||LFP half-cells were tested using both parallel differential battery testing and conventional linear battery testing. Although all cells were prepared from the same nominal materials and procedures, SEM/EDS and electrochemical results showed measurable variability arising from microscale heterogeneity in the hand-cast cathodes and lithium metal anodes. These differences became more pronounced at higher C-rates, where weaker cells delivered lower capacity and contributed less effectively during coupled operation. Parallel testing revealed unequal current sharing, post-discharge equalization behavior, and broader performance differences than linear testing, while impedance measurements confirmed that intrinsic cell-to-cell differences persisted throughout cycling. Overall, the results show that parallel battery testing provides information beyond conventional single-cell measurements and is an effective method for evaluating reproducibility and pack-relevant cell behavior in laboratory-scale batteries.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "South Dakota School of Mines and Technology , , , ,",
    "Syracuse University , , , ,",
    "Arbin Instruments , 762 Peach Creek Cut off , , ,",
    "South Dakota Mines , , , ,"
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 7,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Collin Rodmyre"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Bryce Watson"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Karen Ly"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Quinn Qiao",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-4555-7887"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Ghazaleh Lane"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "John Zhang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        3
      ],
      "name": "Alevtina L. Smirnova",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-1520-0331"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/7x2s93v2r2s4w.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1021/acsomega.6c05674",
  "fulltext_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13670844/?tool=EBI",
  "id": "7x2s93v2r2s4w",
  "issns": [
    "2470-1343"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13670844",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY-NC-ND",
  "licence_label": "CC BY-NC-ND",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2203|Advanced Battery Technologies Research"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7214988935",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13670844/pdf/?tool=EBI",
  "pmcid": "PMC13670844",
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-09-30",
  "publisher": "American Chemical Society (ACS)",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/7x2s93v2r2s4w.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:18:25Z",
      "native_id": "PMC:PMC13670844",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13670844"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:18:39Z",
      "native_id": "10.1021/acsomega.6c05674",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://pubs.acs.org/acsodf/article/11/40/61108/5443041/Series-Parallel-Testing-of-Laboratory-Lithium-Ion"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "chemistry",
      "origin": "issn:2470-1343",
      "subfield": "general"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Series-Parallel Testing of Laboratory Lithium-Ion Cells: Not All Coin Cells Are Created Equal",
  "title_text": "Series-Parallel Testing of Laboratory Lithium-Ion Cells: Not All Coin Cells Are Created Equal",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:18:39Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/7x2s93v2r2s4w",
  "venue": "ACS omega",
  "versions": []
}