{
  "abstract": "Purpose\n\nChronic inflammation, oxidative stress, and fibrosis are interconnected drivers of complications in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and may precede detectable changes in conventional clinical markers. MicroRNA-21 (miR-21) has been implicated in all three pathways, but its associations with representative biomarkers have rarely been examined simultaneously in a single T2DM population. We evaluated correlations between circulating miR-21 and serum tumor necrosis factor receptor-1 (TNFR1), transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1), and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), and explored differences by albuminuria status.Patients and methods\n\nThis cross-sectional study was a secondary analysis of clinical data and archived serum from 54 adults with T2DM enrolled in the Bogor Non-Communicable Disease Risk Factor Cohort, Indonesia. Most participants had preserved kidney function (mean eGFR 76.9 ± 15.0 mL/min/1.73m²; 63.0% without albuminuria). Circulating miR-21 was quantified by quantitative real-time PCR; TNFR1, TGF-β1, and 8-OHdG were measured by ELISA. Independent associations were evaluated using multivariable linear regression adjusted for age, sex, BMI, HbA1c, LDL cholesterol, and eGFR. Bootstrap resampling and albuminuria-stratified analyses were performed.Results\n\nLog2-transformed miR-21 correlated weakly with log2 TNFR1 (ρ = 0.273, P = 0.046) and remained independently associated with TNFR1 after adjustment (β = 0.061, 95% CI 0.001-0.122, P = 0.048). This borderline association was robust to bootstrap resampling and additional adjustment for diabetes duration and statin use. No independent associations were observed with TGF-β1 or 8-OHdG overall. Exploratory findings showed that miR-21 was associated with TGF-β1 among participants with albuminuria (β = 0.286, P = 0.038), but the interaction was not significant (P = 0.087).Conclusion\n\nIn this T2DM population with predominantly preserved kidney function, circulating miR-21 was associated with TNFR1, a marker of TNF-α-related inflammatory activity, but not with TGF-β1 or 8-OHdG. These exploratory findings, limited by the small sample, borderline statistical significance, and lack of multiplicity adjustment, require confirmation in larger prospective, multicenter studies.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia - Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia.",
    "Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia."
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 7,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Pringgodigdo Nugroho",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-5045-6562"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Angeline Tancherla",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-1049-8394"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Em Yunir"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Vika Wirdhani"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Anandhara Indriani Khumaedi"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Renny Ary Soetedjo"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Muhammad Jalaluddin Rumi",
      "orcid": "0009-0004-8678-405X"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/7xjn32ha0cmss.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.2147/dmso.s655723",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13693514",
  "id": "7xjn32ha0cmss",
  "issns": [
    "1178-7007"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42921214",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY-NC",
  "licence_label": "CC BY-NC",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "1306|MicroRNA in disease regulation"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7222944473",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13693514?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13693514",
  "pmid": "42921214",
  "published": "2026-10-19",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/7xjn32ha0cmss.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:20:33Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42921214",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42921214"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:1306|MicroRNA in disease regulation",
      "subfield": "oncology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Circulating miRNA-21 and Biomarkers of Inflammation, Fibrosis, and Oxidative Stress in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Cross-Sectional Study.",
  "title_text": "Circulating miRNA-21 and Biomarkers of Inflammation, Fibrosis, and Oxidative Stress in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Cross-Sectional Study.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:20:33Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/7xjn32ha0cmss",
  "venue": "Diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity : targets and therapy",
  "versions": []
}