{
  "abstract": "Advanced footwear technology (AFT) shoes incorporate increased sole thickness and compliant midsole materials that may alter running biomechanics. While these effects have been widely studied during level running, little is known about how sole thickness influences running style and stability during uphill running. This study examined the effects of two AFT shoes differing in sole thickness (35 mm-AFT35; 50 mm-AFT50) and a traditional control shoe (27 mm-CON27) on running style and stability during uphill running. Seventeen experienced male runners performed treadmill running at a 10% incline at 6.5 and 10 km/h in three shoe conditions. Running style was assessed using duty factor, normalized step frequency, center-of-mass oscillation, vertical and leg stiffness, and lower-limb joint kinematics. Running stability was evaluated using local dynamic stability via the maximum Lyapunov exponent and detrended fluctuation analysis of stride time. Duty factor and normalized step frequency did not differ between shoes. However, AFT shoes showed greater center-of-mass oscillation (p = 0.004), and lower vertical stiffness (p = 0.022) compared to CON27. Joint kinematics revealed significant shoe effects at the ankle (p = 0.001), particularly increased dorsiflexion and eversion in AFT conditions. Running stability showed only minor changes. Local dynamic stability differed at the trunk (p = 0.027), with reduced stability in AFT50 compared with CON27 (p = 0.006), while global stability remained unchanged. No shoe × speed interactions were observed for any variable. Overall, uphill running style and stability remained largely preserved across shoe conditions, suggesting that sole thickness alone had limited influence.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "BioMotion Center, Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany",
    "Sports Orthopedics, Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany"
  ],
  "article_type": "Research Article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 3,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Cagla Kettner"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Bernd J. Stetter"
    },
    {
      "name": "Thorsten Stein"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/7xrmxd6cnzch5.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0348380",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "7xrmxd6cnzch5",
  "issns": [
    "1932-6203"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0348380",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "journal",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2204|Lower Extremity Biomechanics and Pathologies"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Anatomy/Body limbs/Legs/Ankles"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Anatomy/Musculoskeletal system/Skeleton/Pelvis/Hip"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Anatomy/Musculoskeletal system/Skeleton/Skeletal joints"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Anatomy/Musculoskeletal system/Skeleton/Skeletal joints/Ankle joints"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Biomechanics"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Physiology/Biological locomotion/Running"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Medicine and health sciences/Anatomy/Body limbs/Legs/Ankles"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Medicine and health sciences/Anatomy/Musculoskeletal system/Skeleton/Pelvis/Hip"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Medicine and health sciences/Anatomy/Musculoskeletal system/Skeleton/Skeletal joints"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Medicine and health sciences/Anatomy/Musculoskeletal system/Skeleton/Skeletal joints/Ankle joints"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Physical sciences/Materials science/Material properties/Mechanical properties/Stiffness"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Physical sciences/Physics/Classical mechanics/Kinematics"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7220975323",
  "pdf_url": "https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0348380&type=printable",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-08",
  "publisher": "Public Library of Science",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/7xrmxd6cnzch5.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:17:30Z",
      "native_id": "10.1371/journal.pone.0348380",
      "source": "plos",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0348380"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "plos:anatomy",
      "subfield": "physiology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Running style and stability during uphill running are largely preserved with increasing shoe sole thickness",
  "title_text": "Running style and stability during uphill running are largely preserved with increasing shoe sole thickness",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:17:30Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/7xrmxd6cnzch5",
  "venue": "PLOS One",
  "versions": []
}