{
  "abstract": "Importance\n\nEating disorders are a major cause of nonfatal mental health burden, yet global evidence on their long-term trends, geographic distribution, and future trajectories remains limited.Objective\n\nTo estimate the global, regional, and national prevalence and disability burden of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa-and mortality attributable to anorexia nervosa-from 1990 to 2023, and to forecast prevalence to 2050.Design, setting, and participants\n\nUsing Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2023 methods, data were synthesized from systematic literature reviews, population surveys, and vital registration systems. Estimates were produced for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2023, with forecasts through 2050. These data were analyzed from October 2025 to August 2026.Exposure\n\nAnorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa diagnosis.Main outcomes and measures\n\nCounts and age-standardized rates with 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) for anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and anorexia nervosa mortality, reported by age, sex, and location.Results\n\nIn 2023, an estimated 18.1 million people (95% UI, 13.9-24.0) globally were living with anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa, of whom 12.6 million (69.4%) were female, 5.5 million were male (30.6%), and 41.2% were aged 10 to 24 years. These cases accounted for 3.83 million DALYs (95% UI, 2.23-5.69). Since 1990, the global number of prevalent cases increased by 71.0%, while age-standardized prevalence and DALY rates rose by about 21%. Females experienced substantially higher prevalence and DALY rates than males. The highest age-standardized prevalence rates were observed in high-income regions, particularly Australasia and Western Europe, whereas the largest relative increases in age-standardized prevalence occurred in East Asia, South Asia, and Southeast Asia. Forecasts indicate continued increases in prevalent cases through 2050.Conclusions and relevance\n\nThis GBD 2023 analysis found that anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa contribute substantially to global nonfatal health loss. These findings support the integration of eating disorders into mental health surveillance, prevention, and service planning worldwide.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Evidence-Based Research Center of Social Science and Health, School of Public Affairs, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China.",
    "Clinical Medical Research Center, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.",
    "School of Elderly Care Services and Management, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.",
    "Department of Science and Technology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.",
    "Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.",
    "Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle.",
    "School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.",
    "Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Wacol, QLD, Australia.",
    "Department of Nursing, Al Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.",
    "Department of Community Medicine, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Nigeria.",
    "Department of Family and Community Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana.",
    "School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.",
    "Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.",
    "Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.",
    "Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia.",
    "Clinical Trials Unit, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.",
    "Department of Nursing, Almoosa College of Health Sciences, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia.",
    "Department of Nursing Science, Modibbo Adama University, Yola, Nigeria.",
    "Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.",
    "School of Public Health, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa.",
    "Department of Chemical Pathology, University of Abuja, Abuja, Nigeria.",
    "Centre for Health Systems Support and Development, University of Abuja, Abuja, Nigeria.",
    "Slum and Rural Health Initiative Research Academy, Slum and Rural Health Initiative, Ibadan, Nigeria.",
    "Department of Physiotherapy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.",
    "Department of Educational Counselling and Developmental Psychology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.",
    "Department of Educational Psychology, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa.",
    "Nutrition & Health Innovation Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia.",
    "School of Arts and Social Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Bunbury, WA, Australia.",
    "Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana.",
    "Operations Department, World Vision, Kete Krachi, Ghana.",
    "SPRINT Sport Physical Activity and Health Research & Innovation Center, Polytechnic Institute of Guarda, Guarda, Portugal.",
    "Health Research and Innovation Sciences Center, Polytechnic Institute of Guarda, Klaipeda, Lithuania.",
    "Department of Human Nutrition & Dietetics, National University of Sciences & Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan.",
    "Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, United Kingdom.",
    "King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.",
    "Department of Pharmacy Practice, Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan.",
    "Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health (IDGPH), University of California San Diego, San Diego, California.",
    "Department of Health Sciences and Informatics, Bangladesh Institute of Innovative Health Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh.",
    "Department of Applied Statistics and Data Science, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.",
    "Department of Computer Science, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia."
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 505,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Ruhai Bai"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Wanyue Dong"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Xu Wang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Aihua Zhang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5,
        6,
        7
      ],
      "name": "Damian F Santomauro"
    },
    {
      "name": "GBD Eating Disorders Collaborators"
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        8
      ],
      "name": "Hasan Aalruz"
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        9
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      "name": "Olumide Abiodun"
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        11
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      "name": "Richard Gyan Aboagye"
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      "name": "Khaled M Aboshanab"
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      "name": "Lucas Guimarães Abreu"
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        14
      ],
      "name": "Amr Selim Abu Lila"
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    {
      "affs": [
        15
      ],
      "name": "Hana J Abukhadijah"
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    {
      "affs": [
        16
      ],
      "name": "Mohammad S Abu-Mahfouz"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        17
      ],
      "name": "Nuhu Lawan Adamu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        18,
        19
      ],
      "name": "Babatope Oluwadamilare Adebiyi"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        20,
        21
      ],
      "name": "Saheed Ayodeji Adekola"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        22,
        23
      ],
      "name": "Miracle Ayomikun Adesina"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        24,
        25
      ],
      "name": "Habeeb Omoponle Adewuyi"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        26
      ],
      "name": "Amaha K Adhanu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        27
      ],
      "name": "Obed Adonteng-Kissi"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        28
      ],
      "name": "Percival Delali Agordoh"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        29
      ],
      "name": "Salome Wumpini Agordoh"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        30,
        31
      ],
      "name": "César Agostinis Sobrinho"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        32,
        33
      ],
      "name": "Abdul Momin Rizwan Ahmad"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        34
      ],
      "name": "Khabir Ahmad"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        35,
        36
      ],
      "name": "Ali Ahmed"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        37,
        38
      ],
      "name": "Md Faisal Ahmed"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        39
      ],
      "name": "Shakeel Ahmed"
    },
    {
      "name": "Kenni Wojujutari Ajele"
    },
    {
      "name": "Oluwabusayomi O Akeju"
    },
    {
      "name": "Oladipo Vincent Akinmade"
    },
    {
      "name": "Wole Akosile"
    },
    {
      "name": "Ashley E Akrami"
    },
    {
      "name": "Ahmad Al Athamneh"
    },
    {
      "name": "Salah Al Awaidy"
    },
    {
      "name": "Duaa Fayiz Al Maghaireh"
    },
    {
      "name": "Omar Al Omari"
    },
    {
      "name": "Mohammad Ahmmad Mahmoud Al Zoubi"
    },
    {
      "name": "Mohammad Khursheed Alam"
    },
    {
      "name": "Muath A Alammar"
    },
    {
      "name": "Shams M F Al-Anzi"
    },
    {
      "name": "Mohammed Albashtawy"
    },
    {
      "name": "Abdulelah Mastour Aldhahir"
    },
    {
      "name": "Bezawit Abeje Alemayehu"
    },
    {
      "name": "Baidaa Alhalabi"
    },
    {
      "name": "Fadwa Naji Alhalaiqa"
    },
    {
      "name": "Mohammad Jamil Alhawajreh"
    },
    {
      "name": "Ashraf Alhumaidi"
    },
    {
      "name": "Ahmed Naif Ali"
    },
    {
      "name": "Mohammed Usman Ali"
    },
    {
      "name": "Hamid Alinejad Rokny"
    },
    {
      "name": "Samah W Al-Jabi"
    },
    {
      "name": "Ahmad Alkhatib"
    },
    {
      "name": "Sameer Abdulmalik Alkubati"
    },
    {
      "name": "Sabah Al-Marwani"
    },
    {
      "name": "Joseph Uy Almazan"
    },
    {
      "name": "Rajaa M Al-Raddadi"
    },
    {
      "name": "Bandar Alsaif"
    },
    {
      "name": "Abdalkarem Fedgash Alsharari"
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  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/7y744jgqt3gtt.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2026.3457",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13717465",
  "id": "7y744jgqt3gtt",
  "issns": [
    "2168-622X",
    "2168-6238"
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  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42949727",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY-NC-ND",
  "licence_label": "CC BY-NC-ND",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/",
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  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Comments"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "Global Burden of Disease"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "Online First"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "Original Investigation"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "Research"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "3203|Eating Disorders and Behaviors"
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  "openalex": "W7224094981",
  "pdf_url": "https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/articlepdf/2855672/jamapsychiatry_bai_2026_oi_260052_1792072299.43725.pdf",
  "pmcid": "PMC13717465",
  "pmid": "42949727",
  "published": "2026-10-28",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/7y744jgqt3gtt.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-31T00:20:33Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42949727",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42949727"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-02T12:21:47Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13717465",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2026.3457"
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  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:3203|Eating Disorders and Behaviors",
      "subfield": "psychiatry"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Global Burden of Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa, 1990 to 2023, With Forecasts to 2050: A Global Burden of Disease Study 2023 Analysis.",
  "title_text": "Global Burden of Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa, 1990 to 2023, With Forecasts to 2050: A Global Burden of Disease Study 2023 Analysis.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-02T12:21:47Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/7y744jgqt3gtt",
  "venue": "JAMA psychiatry",
  "versions": []
}