{
  "abstract": "Immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs) remain treatment-dependent in many patients with severe, refractory, or organ-threatening disease. Deep B-cell depletion using chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-based therapies may induce clinical improvement and measurable immune reconstitution, but conventional autologous CAR-T manufacturing limits speed, standardization, and access. This structured narrative review compares allogeneic CAR-T, allogeneic CAR-natural killer (CAR-NK), and in vivo CAR-T. Bibliographic databases, trial registries, conference repositories, reference lists, and traceable sponsor, media, and regulatory sources were searched through 3 September 2026. Allogeneic CAR-T has the broadest clinical evidence base, although cohorts are small and mostly early-phase. All CAR-NK products with reported IMID clinical data are allogeneic; available studies suggest transient kinetics, repeat-infusion feasibility, and encouraging short-term tolerability, but durability is uncertain. Peer-reviewed in vivo evidence now includes a five-patient non-integrating LNP/linear mRNA report and a 16-patient integrating lentiviral report. Both are early, uncontrolled studies and neither supports class-wide inference. Disease-specific outcomes, background treatment, follow-up, and assays differ markedly. Complete treatment-free remission was distinguished from glucocorticoid withdrawal, immunosuppressant reduction, and remission on permitted therapy. CAR-cell, transgene DNA, and RNA detection were not pooled, and peripheral blood B-cell depletion was not treated as proof of tissue depletion. Naive-dominant B-cell recovery and declining autoantibodies indicate immune remodeling, not restored tolerance. No indirect efficacy ranking is justified. Prospective studies need standardized disease endpoints, treatment-free remission definitions, analyte-specific pharmacokinetics, paired blood–tissue pharmacodynamics, and long-term genomic, immune, and safety surveillance.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University",
    "Department of Research and Development, Antengene Corporation",
    "School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University",
    "Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China"
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 5,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Zhenguo Liang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Mengyun Mao"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Hui Xie"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Yuhan Xing"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Dongze Wu"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/7yysjzd78g105.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3389/fimmu.2026.1931185",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "7yysjzd78g105",
  "issns": [
    "1664-3224"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1931185/full",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2730|CAR-T cell therapy research"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7224115423",
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-28",
  "publisher": "Frontiers Media SA",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/7yysjzd78g105.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:19:17Z",
      "native_id": "10.3389/fimmu.2026.1931185",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1931185/full"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2730|CAR-T cell therapy research",
      "subfield": "oncology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Allogeneic CAR-T, CAR-NK, and in vivo CAR-T for immune-mediated inflammatory diseases: comparative evidence, platform trade-offs, and translational challenges",
  "title_text": "Allogeneic CAR-T, CAR-NK, and in vivo CAR-T for immune-mediated inflammatory diseases: comparative evidence, platform trade-offs, and translational challenges",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:19:17Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/7yysjzd78g105",
  "venue": "Frontiers in Immunology",
  "versions": []
}