{
  "abstract": "Objective: To examine associations between body mass index-for-age z-score (BAZ) and refractive error in schoolchildren in three Vietnamese cities.\n\nMethods: We analyzed school health examinations from Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City, and Hai Phong, Vietnam, from 2022 to 2024. We included 49,415 examinations from 31,522 children aged 6 to 18 years, plus a Hanoi autorefractor sub-cohort for subtypes. Modified Poisson regression with generalized estimating equations estimated prevalence ratios (PR) by sex, adjusted for age, city, and year, with formal sex interaction tests. A supplementary analysis of consecutive visits assessed incident refractive error.\n\nResults: Any refractive error followed a U-shaped curve across BAZ (nonlinearity p = 0.021 and 0.009). The PR per 1-SD higher BAZ was 1.01 in both sexes (95% CI 1.00, 1.02). Obesity was associated with higher prevalence in girls (PR 1.05, 95% CI 1.01, 1.10). Astigmatism was associated with BAZ in both sexes (PR 1.04, 95% CI 1.02, 1.05), and anisometropia in boys (PR 1.10, 95% CI 1.05, 1.14) but not girls. Myopia was not associated, and prior-visit BAZ did not predict incident refractive error.\n\nConclusions: Adiposity showed small, nonlinear associations with refractive error, concentrated in astigmatism rather than myopia.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Research Management Department, Vinmec International Hospital, Hanoi, Viet Nam",
    "Pediatric Department, Vinmec Times City, Vinmec International Hospital, Hanoi, Viet Nam",
    "College of Health Sciences, VinUniversity, Hanoi, Viet Nam"
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 2,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Nhan Thi Ho"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Khoi Pham Minh Tran"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/7z8kjjzr372p8.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1016/j.pmedr.2026.103672",
  "fulltext_url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13697816/",
  "id": "7z8kjjzr372p8",
  "issns": [
    "2211-3355"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2026.103672",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-NC-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY-NC 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Infectious Disease"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2713|Ophthalmology and Visual Impairment Studies"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7222882154",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13697816/pdf/?tool=EBI",
  "pmcid": "PMC13697816",
  "pmid": "42936436",
  "published": "2026-10-18",
  "publisher": "Elsevier",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/7z8kjjzr372p8.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:18:48Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13697816",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2026.103672"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:21:25Z",
      "native_id": "PMC:PMC13697816",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13697816"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "heading:Infectious Disease",
      "subfield": "infectious-disease"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Adiposity and the prevalence, incidence and distribution of refractive errors in urban Vietnamese children",
  "title_text": "Adiposity and the prevalence, incidence and distribution of refractive errors in urban Vietnamese children",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:34:47Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/7z8kjjzr372p8",
  "venue": "Preventive Medicine Reports",
  "versions": []
}