{
  "abstract": "BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Normative linear measurements of inner ear structures may enhance diagnostic accuracy in detecting subtle congenital abnormalities. This study aimed to establish conebeam CT (CBCT)-based normative reference values for temporal bone anatomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed consecutive CBCT scans of normal temporal bones acquired between June 2022 and June 2024. Scans were classified as normal based on the absence of pathologic findings and no history of otologic disorders. Eleven linear measurements of inner ear structures were independently performed by 2 radiologists, and interobserver agreement was assessed. Reference centiles were generated for each parameter. RESULTS: A total of 319 patients (135 men, 184 women; mean age, 50.03 years; range, 3 months-91 years) were included. Interobserver reliability was high across all measurements. Age and sex showed a small effect on any measurement. Normative centile distributions for all 11 structures were established. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides robust CBCT-derived normative linear measurements of inner ear structures. These reference values may improve radiologic assessment of congenital hearing loss, particularly in patients with normal-appearing CT examinations.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "From the Neuroradiology Unit (G.C., E.M., F.M.L.R., A.V.G., S.C., E. Scola., F.T.), Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy",
    "Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (G.C., F.T.), Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milan, Italy",
    "Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (E.S.), ARNAS Civico Di Cristina-Benfratelli, Palermo, Italy",
    "Audiology Unit (F.D.B., D.Z.), Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy",
    "Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health (F.D.B., L.M.G., D.Z.), Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milan, Italy",
    "Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery (L.M.G.), Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy"
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 11,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Giorgio Conte",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-1562-7389"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Eliana Schifano"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Elisa Massullo",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-4281-0792"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Francesco Maria Lo Russo"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Antonia Valentina Genovese",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-3068-4063"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Silvia Casale"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Elisa Scola",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-9056-4122"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3,
        4
      ],
      "name": "Federica Di Berardino"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4,
        5
      ],
      "name": "Lorenzo Maria Gaini"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3,
        4
      ],
      "name": "Diego Zanetti"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Fabio Triulzi",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-5428-7217"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/7zkwk7s76sr5a.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3174/ajnr.a9302",
  "fulltext_url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13738267/",
  "id": "7zkwk7s76sr5a",
  "issns": [
    "0195-6108",
    "1936-959X"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.a9302",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "journal",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Head and Neck Imaging"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "Research"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2716|Congenital Ear and Nasal Anomalies"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7139966008",
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": "PMC13738267",
  "pmid": "41862187",
  "published": "2026-11-06",
  "publisher": "American Society of Neuroradiology",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/7zkwk7s76sr5a.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-09T12:23:17Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13738267",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.a9302"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2716|Congenital Ear and Nasal Anomalies",
      "subfield": "human-genetics"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Conebeam CT of the Temporal Bone: Normative Linear Biometry of Inner Ear Structures",
  "title_text": "Conebeam CT of the Temporal Bone: Normative Linear Biometry of Inner Ear Structures",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-09T12:23:17Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/7zkwk7s76sr5a",
  "venue": "AJNR: American Journal of Neuroradiology",
  "versions": []
}